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Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
MRC Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Department of Oral Microbiology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 32 Newark St, Whitechapel, London E1 2AA, UK
Author for correspondence: D. A. Devine. Tel: +44 113 233 6116. Fax: +44 113 233 6158. e-mail: D. A. Devine@leeds.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
Summary: This study investigated the ability of anaerobic periodontal bacteria to inactivate and resist killing by antimicrobial peptides through production of extracellular proteases. Antibacterial activities of peptides were assessed in a double-layer agarose diffusion assay, and MICs and MBCs were determined in broth microdilution assays. Culture supernates of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella spp. inactivated mastoparan, magainin II and cecropin B whilst Gram-positive oral supragingival bacteria had no effect. Inactivation was prevented by protease inhibitors and was unaffected by 45% human serum. Purified proteases from the periodontopathogen Porph. gingivalis inactivated peptides [cecropin B, brevinin, CAMEL (cecropin A 1–7 + melittin 2–9), mastoparan] as would be predicted from the amino acid sequences of the peptides and the known bond specificities of these Arg-x and Lys-x enzymes. MALDI-TOF MS revealed that inactivation of cecropin B by Porph. gingivalis protease was due to specific cleavage of the molecule. Inactivation of cecropin B by proteases took 10–15 min. Paradoxically, MICs of cecropin B against Proph. gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were low, while Prevotella nigrescens was resistant, suggesting that production of proteases alone is insufficient to protect Proph. gingivalis and Prev. intermedia from the action of antimicrobial peptides. Thus, antimicrobial peptides could be developed as therapeutic agents targeted against specific periodontal pathogens.
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