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Pseudomonas: Biology and Diversity |
Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1
Department of Mathematical Modelling, The Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark2
Author for correspondence: Søren Molin. Tel: +45 45 25 25 13. Fax: +45 45 88 73 28. e-mail: imsm{at}pop.dtu.dk
The structural organization of four microbial communities was analysed by a novel computer program, COMSTAT, which comprises ten features for quantifying three-dimensional biofilm image stacks. Monospecies biofilms of each of the four bacteria, Pseudomonas putida, P. aureofaciens, P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa, tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were grown in flow chambers with a defined minimal medium as substrate. Analysis by the COMSTAT program of four variables describing biofilm structure – mean thickness, roughness, substratum coverage and surface to volume ratio – showed that the four Pseudomonas strains represent different modes of biofilm growth. P. putida had a unique developmental pattern starting with single cells on the substratum growing into micro-colonies, which were eventually succeeded by long filaments and elongated cell clusters. P. aeruginosa colonized the entire substratum, and formed flat, uniform biofilms. P. aureofaciens resembled P. aeruginosa, but had a stronger tendency to form micro-colonies. Finally, the biofilm structures of P. fluorescens had a phenotype intermediate between those of P. putida and P. aureofaciens. Analysis of biofilms of P. aureofaciens growing on 0·03 mM, 0·1 mM or 0·5 mM citrate minimal media showed that mean biofilm thickness increased with increasing citrate concentration. Moreover, biofilm roughness increased with lower citrate concentrations, whereas surface to volume ratio increased with higher citrate concentrations.
Keywords: Pseudomonas, biofilm structure, image analysis, quantification, COMSTAT
Abbreviations: CSLM, confocal scanning laser microscopy; GFP, green fluorescent protein
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P. M. Tendolkar, A. S. Baghdayan, and N. Shankar The N-Terminal Domain of Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Is Sufficient for Esp-Mediated Biofilm Enhancement in Enterococcus faecalis J. Bacteriol., September 1, 2005; 187(17): 6213 - 6222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Palmer, L. M. Mashburn, P. K. Singh, and M. Whiteley Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Supports Growth and Cues Key Aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Physiology J. Bacteriol., August 1, 2005; 187(15): 5267 - 5277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Ren, R. Zuo, A. F. Gonzalez Barrios, L. A. Bedzyk, G. R. Eldridge, M. E. Pasmore, and T. K. Wood Differential Gene Expression for Investigation of Escherichia coli Biofilm Inhibition by Plant Extract Ursolic Acid Appl. Envir. Microbiol., July 1, 2005; 71(7): 4022 - 4034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sarkisova, M. A. Patrauchan, D. Berglund, D. E. Nivens, and M. J. Franklin Calcium-Induced Virulence Factors Associated with the Extracellular Matrix of Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms J. Bacteriol., July 1, 2005; 187(13): 4327 - 4337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Yarwood, E. M. Volper, and E. P. Greenberg Delays in Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-controlled gene expression are conditional PNAS, June 21, 2005; 102(25): 9008 - 9013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. P. Venugopalan, M. Kuehn, M. Hausner, D. Springael, P. A. Wilderer, and S. Wuertz Architecture of a Nascent Sphingomonas sp. Biofilm under Varied Hydrodynamic Conditions Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2005; 71(5): 2677 - 2686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Tielker, S. Hacker, R. Loris, M. Strathmann, J. Wingender, S. Wilhelm, F. Rosenau, and K.-E. Jaeger Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecB is located in the outer membrane and is involved in biofilm formation Microbiology, May 1, 2005; 151(5): 1313 - 1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Balestrino, J. A. J. Haagensen, C. Rich, and C. Forestier Characterization of Type 2 Quorum Sensing in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Relationship with Biofilm Formation J. Bacteriol., April 15, 2005; 187(8): 2870 - 2880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Thormann, R. M. Saville, S. Shukla, and A. M. Spormann Induction of Rapid Detachment in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Biofilms J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2005; 187(3): 1014 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Bjarnsholt, P. O. Jensen, M. Burmolle, M. Hentzer, J. A. J. Haagensen, H. P. Hougen, H. Calum, K. G. Madsen, C. Moser, S. Molin, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa tolerance to tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide and polymorphonuclear leukocytes is quorum-sensing dependent Microbiology, February 1, 2005; 151(2): 373 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Y. Loo, K. Mitrakul, S. Jaafar, C. Gyurko, C. V. Hughes, and N. Ganeshkumar Role of a nosX Homolog in Streptococcus gordonii in Aerobic Growth and Biofilm Formation J. Bacteriol., December 15, 2004; 186(24): 8193 - 8206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Entcheva-Dimitrov and A. M. Spormann Dynamics and Control of Biofilms of the Oligotrophic Bacterium Caulobacter crescentus J. Bacteriol., December 15, 2004; 186(24): 8254 - 8266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Niu and E. S. Gilbert Colorimetric Method for Identifying Plant Essential Oil Components That Affect Biofilm Formation and Structure Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2004; 70(12): 6951 - 6956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Webb, M. Lau, and S. Kjelleberg Bacteriophage and Phenotypic Variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development J. Bacteriol., December 1, 2004; 186(23): 8066 - 8073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Thormann, R. M. Saville, S. Shukla, D. A. Pelletier, and A. M. Spormann Initial Phases of Biofilm Formation in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 J. Bacteriol., December 1, 2004; 186(23): 8096 - 8104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. J. Gillis and B. H. Iglewski Azithromycin Retards Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2004; 42(12): 5842 - 5845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Francolini, P. Norris, A. Piozzi, G. Donelli, and P. Stoodley Usnic Acid, a Natural Antimicrobial Agent Able To Inhibit Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Polymer Surfaces Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., November 1, 2004; 48(11): 4360 - 4365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Tendolkar, A. S. Baghdayan, M. S. Gilmore, and N. Shankar Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Enhances Biofilm Formation by Enterococcus faecalis Infect. Immun., October 1, 2004; 72(10): 6032 - 6039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Danhorn, M. Hentzer, M. Givskov, M. R. Parsek, and C. Fuqua Phosphorus Limitation Enhances Biofilm Formation of the Plant Pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens through the PhoR-PhoB Regulatory System J. Bacteriol., July 15, 2004; 186(14): 4492 - 4501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. L. Greiner, H. Watanabe, N. J. Phillips, J. Shao, A. Morgan, A. Zaleski, B. W. Gibson, and M. A. Apicella Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Strain 2019 Produces a Biofilm Containing N-Acetylneuraminic Acid That May Mimic Sialylated O-Linked Glycans Infect. Immun., July 1, 2004; 72(7): 4249 - 4260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Stapper, G. Narasimhan, D. E. Ohman, J. Barakat, M. Hentzer, S. Molin, A. Kharazmi, N. Hoiby, and K. Mathee Alginate production affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development and architecture, but is not essential for biofilm formation J. Med. Microbiol., July 1, 2004; 53(7): 679 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Mai-Prochnow, F. Evans, D. Dalisay-Saludes, S. Stelzer, S. Egan, S. James, J. S. Webb, and S. Kjelleberg Biofilm Development and Cell Death in the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata Appl. Envir. Microbiol., June 1, 2004; 70(6): 3232 - 3238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Bagge, M. Schuster, M. Hentzer, O. Ciofu, M. Givskov, E. P. Greenberg, and N. Hoiby Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Exposed to Imipenem Exhibit Changes in Global Gene Expression and {beta}-Lactamase and Alginate Production Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., April 1, 2004; 48(4): 1175 - 1187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Labbate, S. Y. Queck, K. S. Koh, S. A. Rice, M. Givskov, and S. Kjelleberg Quorum Sensing-Controlled Biofilm Development in Serratia liquefaciens MG1 J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2004; 186(3): 692 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Tomaras, C. W. Dorsey, R. E. Edelmann, and L. A. Actis Attachment to and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces by Acinetobacter baumannii: involvement of a novel chaperone-usher pili assembly system Microbiology, December 1, 2003; 149(12): 3473 - 3484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kierek and P. I. Watnick From The Cover: The Vibrio cholerae O139 O-antigen polysaccharide is essential for Ca2+-dependent biofilm development in sea water PNAS, November 25, 2003; 100(24): 14357 - 14362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Martiny, T. M. Jorgensen, H.-J. Albrechtsen, E. Arvin, and S. Molin Long-Term Succession of Structure and Diversity of a Biofilm Formed in a Model Drinking Water Distribution System Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 1, 2003; 69(11): 6899 - 6907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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