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Pseudomonas: Biology and Diversity |
Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark1
Department of Mathematical Modelling, The Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark2
Author for correspondence: Søren Molin. Tel: +45 45 25 25 13. Fax: +45 45 88 73 28. e-mail: imsm{at}pop.dtu.dk
The structural organization of four microbial communities was analysed by a novel computer program, COMSTAT, which comprises ten features for quantifying three-dimensional biofilm image stacks. Monospecies biofilms of each of the four bacteria, Pseudomonas putida, P. aureofaciens, P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa, tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were grown in flow chambers with a defined minimal medium as substrate. Analysis by the COMSTAT program of four variables describing biofilm structure – mean thickness, roughness, substratum coverage and surface to volume ratio – showed that the four Pseudomonas strains represent different modes of biofilm growth. P. putida had a unique developmental pattern starting with single cells on the substratum growing into micro-colonies, which were eventually succeeded by long filaments and elongated cell clusters. P. aeruginosa colonized the entire substratum, and formed flat, uniform biofilms. P. aureofaciens resembled P. aeruginosa, but had a stronger tendency to form micro-colonies. Finally, the biofilm structures of P. fluorescens had a phenotype intermediate between those of P. putida and P. aureofaciens. Analysis of biofilms of P. aureofaciens growing on 0·03 mM, 0·1 mM or 0·5 mM citrate minimal media showed that mean biofilm thickness increased with increasing citrate concentration. Moreover, biofilm roughness increased with lower citrate concentrations, whereas surface to volume ratio increased with higher citrate concentrations.
Keywords: Pseudomonas, biofilm structure, image analysis, quantification, COMSTAT
Abbreviations: CSLM, confocal scanning laser microscopy; GFP, green fluorescent protein
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M. Roldan, F. Oliva, M. A. Gonzalez del Valle, C. Saiz-Jimenez, and M. Hernandez-Marine Does Green Light Influence the Fluorescence Properties and Structure of Phototrophic Biofilms? Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2006; 72(4): 3026 - 3031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Thormann, S. Duttler, R. M. Saville, M. Hyodo, S. Shukla, Y. Hayakawa, and A. M. Spormann Control of Formation and Cellular Detachment from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Biofilms by Cyclic di-GMP. J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2006; 188(7): 2681 - 2691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. An, T. Danhorn, C. Fuqua, and M. R. Parsek Quorum sensing and motility mediate interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in biofilm cocultures. PNAS, March 7, 2006; 103(10): 3828 - 3833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C. N. Fong, K. Karplus, G. K. Schoolnik, and F. H. Yildiz Identification and Characterization of RbmA, a Novel Protein Required for the Development of Rugose Colony Morphology and Biofilm Structure in Vibrio cholerae J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2006; 188(3): 1049 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Herzberg, I. K. Kaye, W. Peti, and T. K. Wood YdgG (TqsA) Controls Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli K-12 through Autoinducer 2 Transport J. Bacteriol., January 15, 2006; 188(2): 587 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Schreiber, N. Boes, M. Eschbach, L. Jaensch, J. Wehland, T. Bjarnsholt, M. Givskov, M. Hentzer, and M. Schobert Anaerobic Survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Pyruvate Fermentation Requires an Usp-Type Stress Protein J. Bacteriol., January 15, 2006; 188(2): 659 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. F. Gonzalez Barrios, R. Zuo, Y. Hashimoto, L. Yang, W. E. Bentley, and T. K. Wood Autoinducer 2 Controls Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli through a Novel Motility Quorum-Sensing Regulator (MqsR, B3022) J. Bacteriol., January 1, 2006; 188(1): 305 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Dechesne, C. Pallud, F. Bertolla, and G. L. Grundmann Impact of the Microscale Distribution of a Pseudomonas Strain Introduced into Soil on Potential Contacts with Indigenous Bacteria Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2005; 71(12): 8123 - 8131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Norris, M. Noble, I. Francolini, A. M. Vinogradov, P. S. Stewart, B. D. Ratner, J. W. Costerton, and P. Stoodley Ultrasonically Controlled Release of Ciprofloxacin from Self-Assembled Coatings on Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Hydrogels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Prevention Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2005; 49(10): 4272 - 4279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Gillis, K. G. White, K.-H. Choi, V. E. Wagner, H. P. Schweizer, and B. H. Iglewski Molecular Basis of Azithromycin-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2005; 49(9): 3858 - 3867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. A. Castillo-Gonzalez and M. A. Bruns Dissimilatory Iron Reduction and Odor Indicator Abatement by Biofilm Communities in Swine Manure Microcosms Appl. Envir. Microbiol., September 1, 2005; 71(9): 4972 - 4978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Tendolkar, A. S. Baghdayan, and N. Shankar The N-Terminal Domain of Enterococcal Surface Protein, Esp, Is Sufficient for Esp-Mediated Biofilm Enhancement in Enterococcus faecalis J. Bacteriol., September 1, 2005; 187(17): 6213 - 6222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Palmer, L. M. Mashburn, P. K. Singh, and M. Whiteley Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Supports Growth and Cues Key Aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Physiology J. Bacteriol., August 1, 2005; 187(15): 5267 - 5277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Ren, R. Zuo, A. F. Gonzalez Barrios, L. A. Bedzyk, G. R. Eldridge, M. E. Pasmore, and T. K. Wood Differential Gene Expression for Investigation of Escherichia coli Biofilm Inhibition by Plant Extract Ursolic Acid Appl. Envir. Microbiol., July 1, 2005; 71(7): 4022 - 4034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sarkisova, M. A. Patrauchan, D. Berglund, D. E. Nivens, and M. J. Franklin Calcium-Induced Virulence Factors Associated with the Extracellular Matrix of Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms J. Bacteriol., July 1, 2005; 187(13): 4327 - 4337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Yarwood, E. M. Volper, and E. P. Greenberg Delays in Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-controlled gene expression are conditional PNAS, June 21, 2005; 102(25): 9008 - 9013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. P. Venugopalan, M. Kuehn, M. Hausner, D. Springael, P. A. Wilderer, and S. Wuertz Architecture of a Nascent Sphingomonas sp. Biofilm under Varied Hydrodynamic Conditions Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2005; 71(5): 2677 - 2686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Tielker, S. Hacker, R. Loris, M. Strathmann, J. Wingender, S. Wilhelm, F. Rosenau, and K.-E. Jaeger Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecB is located in the outer membrane and is involved in biofilm formation Microbiology, May 1, 2005; 151(5): 1313 - 1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Balestrino, J. A. J. Haagensen, C. Rich, and C. Forestier Characterization of Type 2 Quorum Sensing in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Relationship with Biofilm Formation J. Bacteriol., April 15, 2005; 187(8): 2870 - 2880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Thormann, R. M. Saville, S. Shukla, and A. M. Spormann Induction of Rapid Detachment in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Biofilms J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2005; 187(3): 1014 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Bjarnsholt, P. O. Jensen, M. Burmolle, M. Hentzer, J. A. J. Haagensen, H. P. Hougen, H. Calum, K. G. Madsen, C. Moser, S. Molin, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa tolerance to tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide and polymorphonuclear leukocytes is quorum-sensing dependent Microbiology, February 1, 2005; 151(2): 373 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Y. Loo, K. Mitrakul, S. Jaafar, C. Gyurko, C. V. Hughes, and N. Ganeshkumar Role of a nosX Homolog in Streptococcus gordonii in Aerobic Growth and Biofilm Formation J. Bacteriol., December 15, 2004; 186(24): 8193 - 8206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Entcheva-Dimitrov and A. M. Spormann Dynamics and Control of Biofilms of the Oligotrophic Bacterium Caulobacter crescentus J. Bacteriol., December 15, 2004; 186(24): 8254 - 8266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Niu and E. S. Gilbert Colorimetric Method for Identifying Plant Essential Oil Components That Affect Biofilm Formation and Structure Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2004; 70(12): 6951 - 6956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Webb, M. Lau, and S. Kjelleberg Bacteriophage and Phenotypic Variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development J. Bacteriol., December 1, 2004; 186(23): 8066 - 8073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Thormann, R. M. Saville, S. Shukla, D. A. Pelletier, and A. M. Spormann Initial Phases of Biofilm Formation in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 J. Bacteriol., December 1, 2004; 186(23): 8096 - 8104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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