Microbiology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Microbiology 146 (2000), 2121-2132
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by de Nobel, H.
Right arrow Articles by Klis, F. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by de Nobel, H.
Right arrow Articles by Klis, F. M.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by de Nobel, H.
Right arrow Articles by Klis, F. M.
Microbiology (2000), 146, 2121-2132.
© 2000 Society for General Microbiology

Genetics and Molecular Biology

Cell wall perturbation in yeast results in dual phosphorylation of the Slt2/Mpk1 MAP kinase and in an Slt2-mediated increase in FKS2–lacZ expression, glucanase resistance and thermotolerance

Hans de Nobel1, Cristina Ruiz2, Humberto Martin2, Wayne Morrisa,1,3, Stanley Brul1,3, Maria Molina2 and Frans M. Klis1

Center for Fungal Cell Wall Research, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, BioCentrum, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands1
Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad Farmacia, UCM, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040-Madrid, Spain2
Department of Microbiology and Preservation, Unilever Research Laboratory, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands3

Author for correspondence: Hans de Nobel. Tel: +31 20 5257850. Fax: +31 20 5257934. e-mail: nobel{at}bio.uva.nl

The protein kinase C (PKC1) pathway is essential for maintaining cell integrity in yeast. Here it is shown that various forms of cell wall damage result in activation of the downstream MAP kinase Slt2/Mpk1. Several cell wall mutants displayed enhanced FKS2–lacZ expression, a known output of Slt2 activation. A similar response was obtained with wild-type cells grown in the presence of the cell wall perturbants Calcofluor white and Zymolyase. Upregulation of FKS2–lacZ in response to sublethal concentrations of these agents fully depended on the presence of Slt2. The same cell wall stress conditions resulted in dual threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of Slt2. Both Slt2 phosphorylation and FKS2–lacZ induction could be largely prevented by providing osmotic support to the plasma membrane. Interestingly, Slt2 phosphorylation in response to cell wall damage required the putative plasma-membrane-located sensor Mid2 but not Hcs77/Wsc1. Finally, cell wall perturbation gave rise to cells with increased resistance to glucanase digestion and heat shock. These responses depended on the presence of Slt2. These results indicate that weakening of the cell wall activates the Slt2/Mpk1 MAP kinase pathway and results in compensatory changes in the cell wall.

Keywords: wall damage, wall integrity, Slt2, Mid2, thermotolerance

Abbreviations: CFW, Calcofluor white

a Present address: Fungal & Bacterial Plant Pathology Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
J. Ma, C. J. Dobry, D. J. Krysan, and A. Kumar
Unconventional Genomic Architecture in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Masks the Nested Antisense Gene NAG1
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2008; 7(8): 1289 - 1298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
K.-Y. Kim, A. W. Truman, and D. E. Levin
Yeast Mpk1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activates Transcription through Swi4/Swi6 by a Noncatalytic Mechanism That Requires Upstream Signal
Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2008; 28(8): 2579 - 2589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
D. J. Wiley, P. Catanuto, F. Fontanesi, C. Rios, N. Sanchez, A. Barrientos, and F. Verde
Bot1p Is Required for Mitochondrial Translation, Respiratory Function, and Normal Cell Morphology in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Eukaryot. Cell, April 1, 2008; 7(4): 619 - 629.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
C. Bermejo, E. Rodriguez, R. Garcia, J. M. Rodriguez-Pena, M. L. Rodriguez de la Concepcion, C. Rivas, P. Arias, C. Nombela, F. Posas, and J. Arroyo
The Sequential Activation of the Yeast HOG and SLT2 Pathways Is Required for Cell Survival to Cell Wall Stress
Mol. Biol. Cell, March 1, 2008; 19(3): 1113 - 1124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GeneticsHome page
R. A. Damveld, A. Franken, M. Arentshorst, P. J. Punt, F. M. Klis, C. A. M. J. J. van den Hondel, and A. F. J. Ram
A Novel Screening Method for Cell Wall Mutants in Aspergillus niger Identifies UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase as an Important Protein in Fungal Cell Wall Biosynthesis
Genetics, February 1, 2008; 178(2): 873 - 881.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
H. M. Mora-Montes, S. Bates, M. G. Netea, D. F. Diaz-Jimenez, E. Lopez-Romero, S. Zinker, P. Ponce-Noyola, B. J. Kullberg, A. J. P. Brown, F. C. Odds, et al.
Endoplasmic Reticulum {alpha}-Glycosidases of Candida albicans Are Required for N Glycosylation, Cell Wall Integrity, and Normal Host-Fungus Interaction
Eukaryot. Cell, December 1, 2007; 6(12): 2184 - 2193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
V. Meyer, R. A. Damveld, M. Arentshorst, U. Stahl, C. A. M. J. J. van den Hondel, and A. F. J. Ram
Survival in the Presence of Antifungals: GENOME-WIDE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER IN RESPONSE TO SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CASPOFUNGIN AND FENPROPIMORPH
J. Biol. Chem., November 9, 2007; 282(45): 32935 - 32948.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
T. Fujioka, O. Mizutani, K. Furukawa, N. Sato, A. Yoshimi, Y. Yamagata, T. Nakajima, and K. Abe
MpkA-Dependent and -Independent Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Aspergillus nidulans
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2007; 6(8): 1497 - 1510.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Q. Zhong, G. Li, J. Gvozdenovic-Jeremic, and M. L. Greenberg
Up-regulation of the Cell Integrity Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Suppresses Temperature Sensitivity of the pgs1{Delta} Mutant
J. Biol. Chem., June 1, 2007; 282(22): 15946 - 15953.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Serrano, H. Martin, A. Casamayor, and J. Arino
Signaling Alkaline pH Stress in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the Wsc1 Cell Surface Sensor and the Slt2 MAPK Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., December 29, 2006; 281(52): 39785 - 39795.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
I. Rodriguez-Escudero, R. Rotger, V. J. Cid, and M. Molina
Inhibition of Cdc42-dependent signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by phosphatase-dead SigD/SopB from Salmonella typhimurium.
Microbiology, November 1, 2006; 152(Pt 11): 3437 - 3452.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
M. D. LaFleur, C. A. Kumamoto, and K. Lewis
Candida albicans Biofilms Produce Antifungal-Tolerant Persister Cells
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., November 1, 2006; 50(11): 3839 - 3846.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
A. W. Truman, S. H. Millson, J. M. Nuttall, V. King, M. Mollapour, C. Prodromou, L. H. Pearl, and P. W. Piper
Expressed in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Human ERK5 Is a Client of the Hsp90 Chaperone That Complements Loss of the Slt2p (Mpk1p) Cell Integrity Stress-Activated Protein Kinase
Eukaryot. Cell, November 1, 2006; 5(11): 1914 - 1924.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GeneticsHome page
J. M. Wheeler and J. H. Thomas
Identification of a Novel Gene Family Involved in Osmotic Stress Response in Caenorhabditis elegans
Genetics, November 1, 2006; 174(3): 1327 - 1336.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
U. Oberholzer, A. Nantel, J. Berman, and M. Whiteway
Transcript Profiles of Candida albicans Cortical Actin Patch Mutants Reflect Their Cellular Defects: Contribution of the Hog1p and Mkc1p Signaling Pathways.
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2006; 5(8): 1252 - 1265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.Home page
G. Lesage and H. Bussey
Cell Wall Assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2006; 70(2): 317 - 343.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GeneticsHome page
F. Lottersberger, A. Panza, G. Lucchini, S. Piatti, and M. P. Longhese
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14-3-3 Proteins Are Required for the G1/S Transition, Actin Cytoskeleton Organization and Cell Wall Integrity
Genetics, June 1, 2006; 173(2): 661 - 675.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
F. Castrejon, A. Gomez, M. Sanz, A. Duran, and C. Roncero
The RIM101 Pathway Contributes to Yeast Cell Wall Assembly and Its Function Becomes Essential in the Absence of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Slt2p
Eukaryot. Cell, March 1, 2006; 5(3): 507 - 517.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
H. Friesen, C. Humphries, Y. Ho, O. Schub, K. Colwill, and B. Andrews
Characterization of the Yeast Amphiphysins Rvs161p and Rvs167p Reveals Roles for the Rvs Heterodimer In Vivo
Mol. Biol. Cell, March 1, 2006; 17(3): 1306 - 1321.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
S. A. Chasse, P. Flanary, S. C. Parnell, N. Hao, J. Y. Cha, D. P. Siderovski, and H. G. Dohlman
Genome-Scale Analysis Reveals Sst2 as the Principal Regulator of Mating Pheromone Signaling in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Eukaryot. Cell, February 1, 2006; 5(2): 330 - 346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
F. L. Wormley Jr., G. Heinrich, J. L. Miller, J. R. Perfect, and G. M. Cox
Identification and Characterization of an SKN7 Homologue in Cryptococcus neoformans
Infect. Immun., August 1, 2005; 73(8): 5022 - 5030.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
D. J. Krysan, E. L. Ting, C. Abeijon, L. Kroos, and R. S. Fuller
Yapsins Are a Family of Aspartyl Proteases Required for Cell Wall Integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2005; 4(8): 1364 - 1374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
S. Claret, X. Gatti, F. Doignon, D. Thoraval, and M. Crouzet
The Rgd1p Rho GTPase-Activating Protein and the Mid2p Cell Wall Sensor Are Required at Low pH for Protein Kinase C Pathway Activation and Cell Survival in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2005; 4(8): 1375 - 1386.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
J. M. Rodriguez-Pena, R. M. Perez-Diaz, S. Alvarez, C. Bermejo, R. Garcia, C. Santiago, C. Nombela, and J. Arroyo
The 'yeast cell wall chip' - a tool to analyse the regulation of cell wall biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbiology, July 1, 2005; 151(7): 2241 - 2249.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Bates, D. M. MacCallum, G. Bertram, C. A. Munro, H. B. Hughes, E. T. Buurman, A. J. P. Brown, F. C. Odds, and N. A. R. Gow
Candida albicans Pmr1p, a Secretory Pathway P-type Ca2+/Mn2+-ATPase, Is Required for Glycosylation and Virulence
J. Biol. Chem., June 17, 2005; 280(24): 23408 - 23415.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.Home page
D. E. Levin
Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2005; 69(2): 262 - 291.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Kobayashi, H. Takematsu, T. Yamaji, S. Hiramoto, and Y. Kozutsumi
Disturbance of Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Abrogates the Signaling of Mss4, Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-Kinase, in Yeast
J. Biol. Chem., May 6, 2005; 280(18): 18087 - 18094.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
A. Zakrzewska, A. Boorsma, S. Brul, K. J. Hellingwerf, and F. M. Klis
Transcriptional Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the Plasma Membrane-Perturbing Compound Chitosan
Eukaryot. Cell, April 1, 2005; 4(4): 703 - 715.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
Q. Zhong, J. Gvozdenovic-Jeremic, P. Webster, J. Zhou, and M. L. Greenberg
Loss of Function of KRE5 Suppresses Temperature Sensitivity of Mutants Lacking Mitochondrial Anionic Lipids
Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2005; 16(2): 665 - 675.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
M. Pardo, L. Monteoliva, P. Vazquez, R. Martinez, G. Molero, C. Nombela, and C. Gil
PST1 and ECM33 encode two yeast cell surface GPI proteins important for cell wall integrity
Microbiology, December 1, 2004; 150(12): 4157 - 4170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
S. Sestak, I. Hagen, W. Tanner, and S. Strahl
Scw10p, a cell-wall glucanase/transglucosidase important for cell-wall stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbiology, October 1, 2004; 150(10): 3197 - 3208.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
K. Wang, S. Vavassori, L. M. Schweizer, and M. Schweizer
Impaired PRPP-synthesizing capacity compromises cell integrity signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbiology, October 1, 2004; 150(10): 3327 - 3339.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
O. Mizutani, A. Nojima, M. Yamamoto, K. Furukawa, T. Fujioka, Y. Yamagata, K. Abe, and T. Nakajima
Disordered Cell Integrity Signaling Caused by Disruption of the kexB Gene in Aspergillus oryzae
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2004; 3(4): 1036 - 1048.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.Home page
J. V. Gray, G. A. Petsko, G. C. Johnston, D. Ringe, R. A. Singer, and M. Werner-Washburne
"Sleeping Beauty": Quiescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2004; 68(2): 187 - 206.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Reinke, S. Anderson, J. M. McCaffery, J. Yates III, S. Aronova, S. Chu, S. Fairclough, C. Iverson, K. P. Wedaman, and T. Powers
TOR Complex 1 Includes a Novel Component, Tco89p (YPL180w), and Cooperates with Ssd1p to Maintain Cellular Integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
J. Biol. Chem., April 9, 2004; 279(15): 14752 - 14762.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Garcia, C. Bermejo, C. Grau, R. Perez, J. M. Rodriguez-Pena, J. Francois, C. Nombela, and J. Arroyo
The Global Transcriptional Response to Transient Cell Wall Damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Its Regulation by the Cell Integrity Signaling Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., April 9, 2004; 279(15): 15183 - 15195.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Flandez, I. C. Cosano, C. Nombela, H. Martin, and M. Molina
Reciprocal Regulation between Slt2 MAPK and Isoforms of Msg5 Dual-specificity Protein Phosphatase Modulates the Yeast Cell Integrity Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., March 19, 2004; 279(12): 11027 - 11034.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
M. Lommel, M. Bagnat, and S. Strahl
Aberrant Processing of the WSC Family and Mid2p Cell Surface Sensors Results in Cell Death of Saccharomyces cerevisiae O-Mannosylation Mutants
Mol. Cell. Biol., January 1, 2004; 24(1): 46 - 57.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
C. Reinoso-Martin, C. Schuller, M. Schuetzer-Muehlbauer, and K. Kuchler
The Yeast Protein Kinase C Cell Integrity Pathway Mediates Tolerance to the Antifungal Drug Caspofungin through Activation of Slt2p Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling
Eukaryot. Cell, December 1, 2003; 2(6): 1200 - 1210.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
G. Huang, M. Zhang, and S. E. Erdman
Posttranslational Modifications Required for Cell Surface Localization and Function of the Fungal Adhesin Aga1p
Eukaryot. Cell, October 1, 2003; 2(5): 1099 - 1114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Lagorce, N. C. Hauser, D. Labourdette, C. Rodriguez, H. Martin-Yken, J. Arroyo, J. D. Hoheisel, and J. Francois
Genome-wide Analysis of the Response to Cell Wall Mutations in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(22): 20345 - 20357.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
I. Wojda, R. Alonso-Monge, J.-P. Bebelman, W. H. Mager, and M. Siderius
Response to high osmotic conditions and elevated temperature in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by intracellular glycerol and involves coordinate activity of MAP kinase pathways
Microbiology, May 1, 2003; 149(5): 1193 - 1204.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
C. Ruiz, V. Escribano, E. Morgado, M. Molina, and M. J. Mazon
Cell-type-dependent repression of yeast a-specific genes requires Itc1p, a subunit of the Isw2p-Itc1p chromatin remodelling complex
Microbiology, February 1, 2003; 149(2): 341 - 351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Torres, C. J. Di Como, E. Herrero, and M. A. de la Torre-Ruiz
Regulation of the Cell Integrity Pathway by Rapamycin-sensitive TOR Function in Budding Yeast
J. Biol. Chem., November 1, 2002; 277(45): 43495 - 43504.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GeneticsHome page
M. Sekiya-Kawasaki, M. Abe, A. Saka, D. Watanabe, K. Kono, M. Minemura-Asakawa, S. Ishihara, T. Watanabe, and Y. Ohya
Dissection of Upstream Regulatory Components of the Rho1p Effector, 1,3-{beta}-Glucan Synthase, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Genetics, October 1, 2002; 162(2): 663 - 676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
F. M. Roelants, P. D. Torrance, N. Bezman, and J. Thorner
Pkh1 and Pkh2 Differentially Phosphorylate and Activate Ypk1 and Ykr2 and Define Protein Kinase Modules Required for Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity
Mol. Biol. Cell, September 1, 2002; 13(9): 3005 - 3028.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz, J. Torres, J. Arino, and E. Herrero
Sit4 Is Required for Proper Modulation of the Biological Functions Mediated by Pkc1 and the Cell Integrity Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 33468 - 33476.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
F. D. Ivey, A. M. Kays, and K. A. Borkovich
Shared and Independent Roles for a G{alpha}i Protein and Adenylyl Cyclase in Regulating Development and Stress Responses in Neurospora crassa
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2002; 1(4): 634 - 642.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. M. Rodriguez-Pachon, H. Martin, G. North, R. Rotger, C. Nombela, and M. Molina
A Novel Connection between the Yeast Cdc42 GTPase and the Slt2-mediated Cell Integrity Pathway Identified through the Effect of Secreted Salmonella GTPase Modulators
J. Biol. Chem., July 19, 2002; 277(30): 27094 - 27102.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.Home page
S. Hohmann
Osmotic Stress Signaling and Osmoadaptation in Yeasts
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2002; 66(2): 300 - 372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
G. J. Smits, H. van den Ende, and F. M. Klis
Differential regulation of cell wall biogenesis during growth and development in yeast
Microbiology, April 1, 2001; 147(4): 781 - 794.
[Full Text]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL MICROBIOLOGY J GEN VIROL
J MED MICROBIOL ALL SGM JOURNALS
Copyright © 2000 Society for General Microbiology.