| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Pathogenicity and Medical Microbiology |
University of Ljubljana, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia1
Anaerobe Reference Unit, Public Health Laboratory, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK2
Author for correspondence: Maja Rupnik. Tel: +386 61 256 5584. Fax: +386 61 257 3390. e-mail: maja.rupnik{at}mf.uni-lj.si
Toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping are two methods that have been used to type Clostridium difficile isolates. Toxinotyping is based on PCR-RFLP analysis of a 19 kb region encompassing the C. difficile pathogenicity locus. PCR ribotyping is based on comparison of patterns of PCR products of the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. Representative strains (101) from a C. difficile PCR ribotype library and 22 strains from previously described toxinotypes were analysed to compare ribotyping with toxinotyping. Within this panel of strains all 11 toxinotypes (0–X) described previously and an additional 5 novel toxinotypes (XI–XV) were observed. PCR ribotyping and toxinotyping correlated well and usually all strains within a given ribotype had similar changes in toxin genes. The new toxinotype XI comprises strains that did not express toxins TcdA or TcdB at detectable levels, but contained part of the tcdA gene. Strains of toxinotype XII exhibit changes only in the 5' end of the tcdB gene. Toxinotype XIV is composed of strains that have a large insertion at the beginning of the tcdA gene. A total of 25 of the 89 tested PCR ribotypes of C. difficile contained variant strains. It was estimated that they represent 7·7% of the total number of strains in the Anaerobe Reference Unit collection.
Keywords: Clostridium difficile, toxinotyping, PCR ribotypes, tcdA+B- strains, variant toxin genes
Abbreviations: UPGMA, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Pirs, M. Ocepek, and M. Rupnik Isolation of Clostridium difficile from food animals in Slovenia J. Med. Microbiol., June 1, 2008; 57(6): 790 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Halsey Current and future treatment modalities for Clostridium difficile-associated disease Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., April 15, 2008; 65(8): 705 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Bouchet, H. Huot, and R. Goldstein Molecular Genetic Basis of Ribotyping Clin. Microbiol. Rev., April 1, 2008; 21(2): 262 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Mutlu, A. J. Wroe, K. Sanchez-Hurtado, J. S. Brazier, and I. R. Poxton Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east Scotland J. Med. Microbiol., July 1, 2007; 56(7): 921 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Goh, P. F. Ong, K. P. Song, T. V. Riley, and B. J. Chang The complete genome sequence of Clostridium difficile phage {phi}C2 and comparisons to {phi}CD119 and inducible prophages of CD630 Microbiology, March 1, 2007; 153(3): 676 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. G. Stare, M. Delmee, and M. Rupnik Variant forms of the binary toxin CDT locus and tcdC gene in Clostridium difficile strains J. Med. Microbiol., March 1, 2007; 56(3): 329 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Curry, J. W. Marsh, C. A. Muto, M. M. O'Leary, A. W. Pasculle, and L. H. Harrison tcdC Genotypes Associated with Severe TcdC Truncation in an Epidemic Clone and Other Strains of Clostridium difficile J. Clin. Microbiol., January 1, 2007; 45(1): 215 - 221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. V. Kazakova, K. Ware, B. Baughman, O. Bilukha, A. Paradis, S. Sears, A. Thompson, B. Jensen, L. Wiggs, J. Bessette, et al. A Hospital Outbreak of Diarrhea Due to an Emerging Epidemic Strain of Clostridium difficile Arch Intern Med, December 11, 2006; 166(22): 2518 - 2524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Sadeghifard, V. Gurtler, M. Beer, and R. J. Seviour The Mosaic Nature of Intergenic 16S-23S rRNA Spacer Regions Suggests rRNA Operon Copy Number Variation in Clostridium difficile Strains Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 1, 2006; 72(11): 7311 - 7323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. MacCannell, T. J. Louie, D. B. Gregson, M. Laverdiere, A.-C. Labbe, F. Laing, and S. Henwick Molecular Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 027 Isolates from Eastern and Western Canada. J. Clin. Microbiol., June 1, 2006; 44(6): 2147 - 2152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Akerlund, B. Svenungsson, A. Lagergren, and L. G. Burman Correlation of Disease Severity with Fecal Toxin Levels in Patients with Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea and Distribution of PCR Ribotypes and Toxin Yields In Vitro of Corresponding Isolates J. Clin. Microbiol., February 1, 2006; 44(2): 353 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lemee, I. Bourgeois, E. Ruffin, A. Collignon, J.-F. Lemeland, and J.-L. Pons Multilocus sequence analysis and comparative evolution of virulence-associated genes and housekeeping genes of Clostridium difficile Microbiology, October 1, 2005; 151(10): 3171 - 3180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Voth and J. D. Ballard Clostridium difficile Toxins: Mechanism of Action and Role in Disease Clin. Microbiol. Rev., April 1, 2005; 18(2): 247 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Pituch, M. Rupnik, P. Obuch-Woszczatynski, A. Grubesic, F. Meisel-Mikolajczyk, and M. Luczak Detection of binary-toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB) among Clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in Poland J. Med. Microbiol., February 1, 2005; 54(2): 143 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Spigaglia and P. Mastrantonio Comparative analysis of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates belonging to different genetic lineages and time periods J. Med. Microbiol., November 1, 2004; 53(11): 1129 - 1136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Geric, M. Rupnik, D. N. Gerding, M. Grabnar, and S. Johnson Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital J. Med. Microbiol., September 1, 2004; 53(9): 887 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zheng, S. F. Keller, D. M. Lyerly, R. J. Carman, C. W. Genheimer, C. A. Gleaves, S. J. Kohlhepp, S. Young, S. Perez, and K. Ye Multicenter Evaluation of a New Screening Test That Detects Clostridium difficile in Fecal Specimens J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2004; 42(8): 3837 - 3840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lemee, A. Dhalluin, M. Pestel-Caron, J.-F. Lemeland, and J.-L. Pons Multilocus Sequence Typing Analysis of Human and Animal Clostridium difficile Isolates of Various Toxigenic Types J. Clin. Microbiol., June 1, 2004; 42(6): 2609 - 2617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Goncalves, D. Decre, F. Barbut, B. Burghoffer, and J.-C. Petit Prevalence and Characterization of a Binary Toxin (Actin-Specific ADP-Ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile J. Clin. Microbiol., May 1, 2004; 42(5): 1933 - 1939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. van den Berg, E. C. J. Claas, D. H. Oyib, C. H. W. Klaassen, L. Dijkshoorn, J. S. Brazier, and E. J. Kuijper Characterization of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Clostridium difficile Isolates from Outbreaks in Different Countries by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and PCR Ribotyping J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2004; 42(3): 1035 - 1041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Blake, F. Mitsikosta, and M. A. Metcalfe Immunological detection and cytotoxic properties of toxins from toxin A-positive, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile variants J. Med. Microbiol., March 1, 2004; 53(3): 197 - 205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Geric, S. Johnson, D. N. Gerding, M. Grabnar, and M. Rupnik Frequency of Binary Toxin Genes among Clostridium difficile Strains That Do Not Produce Large Clostridial Toxins J. Clin. Microbiol., November 1, 2003; 41(11): 5227 - 5232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Johnson, S. P. Sambol, J. S. Brazier, M. Delmee, V. Avesani, M. M. Merrigan, and D. N. Gerding International Typing Study of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Clostridium difficile Variants J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2003; 41(4): 1543 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Rupnik, N. Kato, M. Grabnar, and H. Kato New Types of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Strains among Clostridium difficile Isolates from Asia J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2003; 41(3): 1118 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Belanger, M. Boissinot, N. Clairoux, Francois. J. Picard, and M. G. Bergeron Rapid Detection of Clostridium difficile in Feces by Real-Time PCR J. Clin. Microbiol., February 1, 2003; 41(2): 730 - 734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Spigaglia and P. Mastrantonio Molecular Analysis of the Pathogenicity Locus and Polymorphism in the Putative Negative Regulator of Toxin Production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile Clinical Isolates J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2002; 40(9): 3470 - 3475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Barbut, V. Lalande, B. Burghoffer, H. V. Thien, E. Grimprel, and J.-C. Petit Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Toxin A Variant Strains of Clostridium difficile among Adults and Children with Diarrhea in France J. Clin. Microbiol., June 1, 2002; 40(6): 2079 - 2083. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
