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Biochemistry |
Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paul Sabatier (UMR 5089), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France1
Laboratoire des Biomembranes, UMR 8619 CNRS-Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France2
Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany3
Institut Pasteur, Service de Microscopie électronique, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France4
Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France5
Author for correspondence: M. Daffé. Tel: +33 561 175 569. Fax: +33 561 175 994. e-mail: daffe{at}ipbs.fr
With the recent success of the heterologous expression of mycobacterial antigens in corynebacteria, in addition to the importance of these bacteria in biotechnology and medicine, a better understanding of the structure of their cell envelopes was needed. A combination of molecular compositional analysis, ultrastructural appearance and freeze-etch electron microscopy study was used to arrive at a chemical model, unique to corynebacteria but consistent with their phylogenetic relatedness to mycobacteria and other members of the distinctive suprageneric actinomycete taxon. Transmission electron microscopy and chemical analyses showed that the cell envelopes of the representative strains of corynebacteria examined consisted of (i) an outer layer composed of polysaccharides (primarily a high-molecular-mass glucan and arabinomannans), proteins, which include the mycoloyltransferase PS1, and lipids; (ii) a cell wall glycan core of peptidoglycan-arabinogalactan which may contain other sugar residues and was usually esterified by corynomycolic acids; and (iii) a typical plasma membrane bilayer. Freeze-etch electron microscopy showed that most corynomycolate-containing strains exhibited a main fracture plane in their cell wall and contained low-molecular-mass porins, while the fracture occurred within the plasma membrane of strains devoid of both corynomycolate and pore-forming proteins. Importantly, in most strains, the amount of cell wall-linked corynomycolates was not sufficient to cover the bacterial surface; interestingly, the occurrence of a cell wall fracture plane correlated with the amount of non-covalently bound lipids of the strains. Furthermore, these lipids were shown to spontaneously form liposomes, indicating that they may participate in a bilayer structure. Altogether, the data suggested that the cell wall permeability barrier in corynebacteria involved both covalently linked corynomycolates and non-covalently bound lipids of their cell envelopes.
Keywords: cell wall, corynebacteria, mycolic acid, polysaccharide, porin
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