Microbiology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Microbiology 147 (2001), 1677-1685
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Welkos, S.
Right arrow Articles by Fellows, P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Welkos, S.
Right arrow Articles by Fellows, P.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Welkos, S.
Right arrow Articles by Fellows, P.
Microbiology (2001), 147, 1677-1685.
© 2001 Society for General Microbiology

Antigens and Immunity

The role of antibodies to Bacillus anthracis and anthrax toxin components in inhibiting the early stages of infection by anthrax spores

Susan Welkos1, Stephen Little1, Arthur Friedlander1, David Fritz2 and Patricia Fellows1

Divisions of Bacteriology1 and Pathology2, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA

Author for correspondence: Susan Welkos. Tel: +1 301 619 4930. Fax: +1 301 619 2152. e-mail: welkos{at}ncisun1.ncifcrf.gov

Vaccines which are efficacious against anthrax, such as the human vaccine, Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed (AVA), contain the protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxins as the major protective immunogen. Although AVA protects against inhalational anthrax, the immune responses to and role in protection of PA and possibly other antigens have yet to be fully elucidated. Sera from animals immunized with a toxin-producing, unencapsulated live vaccine strain of Bacillus anthracis have been reported to have anti-spore activities associated with the antitoxin humoral response. The authors performed studies to determine whether anti-PA antibody (Ab)-containing preparations stimulated spore uptake by phagocytes and suppressed the germination of spores in vitro. AVA- and PA-immune sera from several species enhanced the phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages of spores of the virulent Ames and the Sterne vaccine strains. Antitoxin Abs appeared to contribute significantly, although not solely, to the enhanced uptake. Rabbit antisera to PA purified from either Sterne or a PA-producing pX01-cured recombinant, affinity-purified anti-PA IgG, and monkey antisera to AVA were used to assess the role of anti-PA Abs. Rabbit anti-PA Abs promoted the uptake of spores of the PA-producing strains Sterne, Ames and RP42, a mutant of Sterne producing only PA, but not of the pX01-{Delta}Sterne-1 strain, {Delta}Ames strain, or RP4, a mutant of Sterne with deletions in the loci encoding PA and the oedema factor (EF) toxin component and producing only the lethal factor toxin component. Rabbit anti-PA and monkey anti-AVA Abs also significantly inhibited spore germination in vitro compared to preimmune serum or medium. Spore-associated proteins recognized by anti-PA Abs were detected by electron microscopy and confirmed by immunoblotting of spore coat extracts. Thus, the anti-PA Ab-specific immunity induced by AVA has anti-spore activity and might have a role in impeding the early stages of infection with B. anthracis spores.

Keywords: antitoxin antibody, protective antigen, vaccines, phagocytosis

Abbreviations: AVA, Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed; BHI, brain heart infusion; EF, (o)edema factor; H, heat-activated, ungerminated; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; LF, lethal factor; PA, protective antigen




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
D. Tross and D. M. Klinman
Effect of CpG Oligonucleotides on Vaccine-Induced B Cell Memory
J. Immunol., October 15, 2008; 181(8): 5785 - 5790.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
W. W. Kwok, J. Yang, E. James, J. Bui, L. Huston, A. R. Wiesen, and M. Roti
The Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Vaccine Generates Protective Antigen (PA)-Specific CD4+ T Cells with a Phenotype Distinct from That of Naive PA T Cells
Infect. Immun., October 1, 2008; 76(10): 4538 - 4545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
W. C. Schumacher, C. A. Storozuk, P. K. Dutta, and A. J. Phipps
Identification and Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 15, 2008; 74(16): 5220 - 5223.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
S. Xu, T. P. Labuza, and F. Diez-Gonzalez
Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores by a Combination of Biocides and Heating under High-Temperature Short-Time Pasteurization Conditions
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., June 1, 2008; 74(11): 3336 - 3341.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
E. T. Harvill, M. Osorio, C. L. Loving, G. M. Lee, V. K. Kelly, and T. J. Merkel
Anamnestic Protective Immunity to Bacillus anthracis Is Antibody Mediated but Independent of Complement and Fc Receptors
Infect. Immun., May 1, 2008; 76(5): 2177 - 2182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CVIHome page
Q. Xu and M. Zeng
Detoxified Lethal Toxin as a Potential Mucosal Vaccine against Anthrax
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., April 1, 2008; 15(4): 612 - 616.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
C. K. Cote, J. Bozue, K. L. Moody, T. L. DiMezzo, C. E. Chapman, and S. L. Welkos
Analysis of a novel spore antigen in Bacillus anthracis that contributes to spore opsonization
Microbiology, February 1, 2008; 154(2): 619 - 632.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
I. J. Glomski, J.-P. Corre, M. Mock, and P. L. Goossens
Noncapsulated Toxinogenic Bacillus anthracis Presents a Specific Growth and Dissemination Pattern in Naive and Protective Antigen-Immune Mice
Infect. Immun., October 1, 2007; 75(10): 4754 - 4761.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
J. Bozue, K. L. Moody, C. K. Cote, B. G. Stiles, A. M. Friedlander, S. L. Welkos, and M. L. Hale
Bacillus anthracis Spores of the bclA Mutant Exhibit Increased Adherence to Epithelial Cells, Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells but Not to Macrophages
Infect. Immun., September 1, 2007; 75(9): 4498 - 4505.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
D. M. Bravata, J.-E. C. Holty, E. Wang, R. Lewis, P. H. Wise, K. M. McDonald, and D. K. Owens
Inhalational, Gastrointestinal, and Cutaneous Anthrax in Children: A Systematic Review of Cases: 1900 to 2005
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2007; 161(9): 896 - 905.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
S. Basu, T. J. Kang, W. H. Chen, M. J. Fenton, L. Baillie, S. Hibbs, and A. S. Cross
Role of Bacillus anthracis Spore Structures in Macrophage Cytokine Responses
Infect. Immun., May 1, 2007; 75(5): 2351 - 2358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 MicrobiologyHome page
P. L. Goossens, P. Sylvestre, and M. Mock
Of spore opsonization and passive protection against anthrax
Microbiology, February 1, 2007; 153(2): 301 - 302.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
J. Bozue, C. K. Cote, K. L. Moody, and S. L. Welkos
Fully Virulent Bacillus anthracis Does Not Require the Immunodominant Protein BclA for Pathogenesis
Infect. Immun., January 1, 2007; 75(1): 508 - 511.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
S. Heninger, M. Drysdale, J. Lovchik, J. Hutt, M. F. Lipscomb, T. M. Koehler, and C. R. Lyons
Toxin-Deficient Mutants of Bacillus anthracis Are Lethal in a Murine Model for Pulmonary Anthrax
Infect. Immun., November 1, 2006; 74(11): 6067 - 6074.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CVIHome page
R. E. Biagini, D. L. Sammons, J. P. Smith, B. A. MacKenzie, C. A. F. Striley, J. E. Snawder, S. A. Robertson, and C. P. Quinn
Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic device to measure anti-anthrax protective antigen immunoglobulin g in serum and whole blood.
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., May 1, 2006; 13(5): 541 - 546.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Bacteriol.Home page
E. P. Skaar, A. H. Gaspar, and O. Schneewind
Bacillus anthracis IsdG, a Heme-Degrading Monooxygenase
J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2006; 188(3): 1071 - 1080.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
C. K. Cote, N. Van Rooijen, and S. L. Welkos
Roles of Macrophages and Neutrophils in the Early Host Response to Bacillus anthracis Spores in a Mouse Model of Infection
Infect. Immun., January 1, 2006; 74(1): 469 - 480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
R. Mabry, M. Rani, R. Geiger, G. B. Hubbard, R. Carrion Jr, K. Brasky, J. L. Patterson, G. Georgiou, and B. L. Iverson
Passive Protection against Anthrax by Using a High-Affinity Antitoxin Antibody Fragment Lacking an Fc Region
Infect. Immun., December 1, 2005; 73(12): 8362 - 8368.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
T. J. Kang, M. J. Fenton, M. A. Weiner, S. Hibbs, S. Basu, L. Baillie, and A. S. Cross
Murine Macrophages Kill the Vegetative Form of Bacillus anthracis
Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7495 - 7501.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
I. T. Kudva, R. W. Griffin, J. M. Garren, S. B. Calderwood, and M. John
Identification of a Protein Subset of the Anthrax Spore Immunome in Humans Immunized with the Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Preparation
Infect. Immun., September 1, 2005; 73(9): 5685 - 5696.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
R. Aloni-Grinstein, O. Gat, Z. Altboum, B. Velan, S. Cohen, and A. Shafferman
Oral Spore Vaccine Based on Live Attenuated Nontoxinogenic Bacillus anthracis Expressing Recombinant Mutant Protective Antigen
Infect. Immun., July 1, 2005; 73(7): 4043 - 4053.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Bacteriol.Home page
L. N. Waller, M. J. Stump, K. F. Fox, W. M. Harley, A. Fox, G. C. Stewart, and M. Shahgholi
Identification of a Second Collagen-Like Glycoprotein Produced by Bacillus anthracis and Demonstration of Associated Spore-Specific Sugars
J. Bacteriol., July 1, 2005; 187(13): 4592 - 4597.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Bacteriol.Home page
A. H. Gaspar, L. A. Marraffini, E. M. Glass, K. L. DeBord, H. Ton-That, and O. Schneewind
Bacillus anthracis Sortase A (SrtA) Anchors LPXTG Motif-Containing Surface Proteins to the Cell Wall Envelope
J. Bacteriol., July 1, 2005; 187(13): 4646 - 4655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
N. Mohamed, M. Clagett, J. Li, S. Jones, S. Pincus, G. D'Alia, L. Nardone, M. Babin, G. Spitalny, and L. Casey
A High-Affinity Monoclonal Antibody to Anthrax Protective Antigen Passively Protects Rabbits before and after Aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Spore Challenge
Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 795 - 802.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
H. Xie, I. Gursel, B. E. Ivins, M. Singh, D. T. O'Hagan, J. B. Ulmer, and D. M. Klinman
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Adsorbed onto Polylactide-Co-Glycolide Microparticles Improve the Immunogenicity and Protective Activity of the Licensed Anthrax Vaccine
Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 828 - 833.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.Home page
A. J. Phipps, C. Premanandan, R. E. Barnewall, and M. D. Lairmore
Rabbit and Nonhuman Primate Models of Toxin-Targeting Human Anthrax Vaccines
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., December 1, 2004; 68(4): 617 - 629.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
J. E. Galen, L. Zhao, M. Chinchilla, J. Y. Wang, M. F. Pasetti, J. Green, and M. M. Levine
Adaptation of the Endogenous Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi clyA-Encoded Hemolysin for Antigen Export Enhances the Immunogenicity of Anthrax Protective Antigen Domain 4 Expressed by the Attenuated Live-Vector Vaccine Strain CVD 908-htrA
Infect. Immun., December 1, 2004; 72(12): 7096 - 7106.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
G. Hermanson, V. Whitlow, S. Parker, K. Tonsky, D. Rusalov, M. Ferrari, P. Lalor, M. Komai, R. Mere, M. Bell, et al.
A cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA vaccine confers sustained antibody-mediated protection against aerosolized anthrax spores
PNAS, September 14, 2004; 101(37): 13601 - 13606.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.Home page
H. Barth, K. Aktories, M. R. Popoff, and B. G. Stiles
Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of Common Clostridium and Bacillus Proteins
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., September 1, 2004; 68(3): 373 - 402.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Occup. Environ. Med.Home page
R E Biagini, D L Sammons, J P Smith, E H Page, J E Snawder, C A F Striley, and B A MacKenzie
Determination of serum IgG antibodies to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen in environmental sampling workers using a fluorescent covalent microsphere immunoassay
Occup. Environ. Med., August 1, 2004; 61(8): 703 - 708.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
H. S. Garmory, R. W. Titball, K. F. Griffin, U. Hahn, R. Bohm, and W. Beyer
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Expressing a Chromosomally Integrated Copy of the Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Gene Protects Mice against an Anthrax Spore Challenge
Infect. Immun., July 1, 2003; 71(7): 3831 - 3836.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
M. A. Weiner and P. C. Hanna
Macrophage-Mediated Germination of Bacillus anthracis Endospores Requires the gerH Operon
Infect. Immun., July 1, 2003; 71(7): 3954 - 3959.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
P. N. Boyaka, A. Tafaro, R. Fischer, S. H. Leppla, K. Fujihashi, and J. R. McGhee
Effective Mucosal Immunity to Anthrax: Neutralizing Antibodies and Th Cell Responses Following Nasal Immunization with Protective Antigen
J. Immunol., June 1, 2003; 170(11): 5636 - 5643.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
N. Ariel, A. Zvi, H. Grosfeld, O. Gat, Y. Inbar, B. Velan, S. Cohen, and A. Shafferman
Search for Potential Vaccine Candidate Open Reading Frames in the Bacillus anthracis Virulence Plasmid pXO1: In Silico and In Vitro Screening
Infect. Immun., December 1, 2002; 70(12): 6817 - 6827.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
J. A. W. Ireland and P. C. Hanna
Macrophage-Enhanced Germination of Bacillus anthracis Endospores Requires gerS
Infect. Immun., October 1, 2002; 70(10): 5870 - 5872.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Med MicrobiolHome page
S. WELKOS, A. FRIEDLANDER, S. WEEKS, S. LITTLE, and I. MENDELSON
In-vitro characterisation of the phagocytosis and fate of anthrax spores in macrophages and the effects of anti-PA antibody
J. Med. Microbiol., October 1, 2002; 51(10): 821 - 831.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. Zhou, P. Wirsching, and K. D. Janda
Human antibodies against spores of the genus Bacillus: A model study for detection of and protection against anthrax and the bioterrorist threat
PNAS, April 16, 2002; 99(8): 5241 - 5246.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
F. Brossier, M. Levy, and M. Mock
Anthrax Spores Make an Essential Contribution to Vaccine Efficacy
Infect. Immun., February 1, 2002; 70(2): 661 - 664.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL MICROBIOLOGY J GEN VIROL
J MED MICROBIOL ALL SGM JOURNALS
Copyright © 2001 Society for General Microbiology.