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1 Northern Advancement Center for Science & Technology, Kita 7 Nishi 2, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0807, Japan
2 Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd, 1-1-2, Minamidai, Kawagoe 350-1165, Japan
3 Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
4 Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
5 Laboratory of Microbial Resources and Ecology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
Correspondence
Atsushi Yokota
yokota{at}chem.agr.hokudai.ac.jp
Cholic acid (CA) transport was investigated in nine intestinal Bifidobacterium strains. Upon energization with glucose, all of the bifidobacteria accumulated CA. The driving force behind CA accumulation was found to be the transmembrane proton gradient (
pH, alkaline interior). The levels of accumulated CA generally coincided with the theoretical values, which were calculated by the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation using the measured internal pH values of the bifidobacteria, and a pKa value of 6·4 for CA. These results suggest that the mechanism of CA accumulation is based on the diffusion of a hydrophobic weak acid across the bacterial cell membrane, and its dissociation according to the pH value. A mixture of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) at the appropriate colonic concentration (117 mM in total) reduced CA accumulation in Bifidobacterium breve JCM 1192T. These short-chain fatty acids, which are weak acids, reduced the pH, thereby decreasing CA accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The bifidobacteria did not alter or modify the CA molecule. The probiotic potential of CA accumulation in vivo is discussed in relation to human bile acid metabolism.
Present address: Ciphergen Biosystems K.K., Yokohama 240-0005, Japan.
Present address: Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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