| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Medicine, B240 Medical Sciences I, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
2 Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
3 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
4 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, MI, USA
5 Department of Community Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Correspondence
Jonas Bunikis
jbunikis{at}uci.edu
Alan G. Barbour
abarbour{at}uci.edu
The genetic polymorphism of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia afzelii, two species that cause Lyme borreliosis, was estimated by sequence typing of four loci: the rrs–rrlA intergenic spacer (IGS) and the outer-membrane-protein gene p66 on the chromosome, and the outer-membrane-protein genes ospA and ospC on plasmids. The major sources of DNA for PCR amplification and sequencing were samples of the B. burgdorferi tick vector Ixodes scapularis, collected at a field site in an endemic region of the north-eastern United States, and the B. afzelii vector Ixodes ricinus, collected at a similar site in southern Sweden. The sequences were compared with those of reference strains and skin biopsy isolates, as well as database sequences. For B. burgdorferi, 10–13 alleles for each of the 4 loci, and a total of 9 distinct clonal lineages with linkage of all 4 loci, were found. For B. afzelii, 2 loci, ospC and IGS, were examined, and 11 IGS genotypes, 12 ospC alleles, and a total of 9 linkage groups were identified. The genetic variants of B. burgdorferi and B. afzelii among samples from the field sites accounted for the greater part of the genetic diversity previously reported from larger areas of the north-eastern United States and central and northern Europe. Although ospC alleles of both species had higher nucleotide diversity than other loci, the ospC locus showed evidence of intragenic recombination and was unsuitable for phylogenetic inference. In contrast, there was no detectable recombination at the IGS locus of B. burgdorferi. Moreover, beyond the signature nucleotides that specified 10 IGS genotypes, there were additional nucleotide polymorphisms that defined a total of 24 subtypes. Maximum-likelihood and parsimony cladograms of B. burgdorferi aligned IGS sequences revealed the subtype sequences to be terminal branches of clades, and the existence of at least three monophyletic lineages within B. burgdorferi. It is concluded that B. burgdorferi and B. afzelii have greater genetic diversity than had previously been estimated, and that the IGS locus alone is sufficient for strain typing and phylogenetic studies.
These two authors contributed equally to the study.
The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are: AY275189–AY275212 for B. burgdorferi rrs–rrlA IGS types 1–9 and nt10, as well as subtypes of each IGS genotype; AY363692–AY363702 for B. afzelii rrs–rrlA IGS types 1–9, and nt10 and nt11; AY275213–AY275225 for B. burgdorferi ospC types 1–9 and nt10–nt13; and AY363710–AY363721 for B. afzelii ospC types 1–6, 7A, 7B, 8, 9, nt10 and nt11.
Tables showing pairwise nucleotide and amino acid distances between ospC alleles and OspC proteins of both B. burgdorferi and B. afzelii are available as supplementary data with the online version of this paper at http://mic.sgmjournals.org.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. G. Gatewood, K. A. Liebman, G. Vourc'h, J. Bunikis, S. A. Hamer, R. Cortinas, F. Melton, P. Cislo, U. Kitron, J. Tsao, et al. Climate and Tick Seasonality Are Predictors of Borrelia burgdorferi Genotype Distribution Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 15, 2009; 75(8): 2476 - 2483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Brissette, A. Verma, A. Bowman, A. E. Cooley, and B. Stevenson The Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein ErpX binds mammalian laminin Microbiology, March 1, 2009; 155(3): 863 - 872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Hanincova, D. Liveris, S. Sandigursky, G. P. Wormser, and I. Schwartz Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto Is Clonal in Patients with Early Lyme Borreliosis Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 15, 2008; 74(16): 5008 - 5014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. Barbour, A. Jasinskas, M. A. Kayala, D. H. Davies, A. C. Steere, P. Baldi, and P. L. Felgner A Genome-Wide Proteome Array Reveals a Limited Set of Immunogens in Natural Infections of Humans and White-Footed Mice with Borrelia burgdorferi Infect. Immun., August 1, 2008; 76(8): 3374 - 3389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 MLST of housekeeping genes captures geographic population structure and suggests a European origin of Borrelia burgdorferi PNAS, June 24, 2008; 105(25): 8730 - 8735.
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. H. Ogden, L. R. Lindsay, K. Hanincova, I. K. Barker, M. Bigras-Poulin, D. F. Charron, A. Heagy, C. M. Francis, C. J. O'Callaghan, I. Schwartz, et al. Role of Migratory Birds in Introduction and Range Expansion of Ixodes scapularis Ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 15, 2008; 74(6): 1780 - 1790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Kraiczy, A. Seling, C. A. Brissette, E. Rossmann, K.-P. Hunfeld, T. Bykowski, L. H. Burns, M. J. Troese, A. E. Cooley, J. C. Miller, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi Complement Regulator-Acquiring Surface Protein 2 (CspZ) as a Serological Marker of Human Lyme Disease Clin. Vaccine Immunol., March 1, 2008; 15(3): 484 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Hanincova, N. H. Ogden, M. Diuk-Wasser, C. J. Pappas, R. Iyer, D. Fish, I. Schwartz, and K. Kurtenbach Fitness Variation of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto Strains in Mice Appl. Envir. Microbiol., January 1, 2008; 74(1): 153 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. Earnhart and R. T. Marconi OspC Phylogenetic Analyses Support the Feasibility of a Broadly Protective Polyvalent Chimeric Lyme Disease Vaccine Clin. Vaccine Immunol., May 1, 2007; 14(5): 628 - 634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Embers, G. P. Wormser, I. Schwartz, D. S. Martin, and M. T. Philipp Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes That Harbor Only a Portion of the lp28-1 Plasmid Elicit Antibody Responses Detectable with the C6 Test for Lyme Disease Clin. Vaccine Immunol., January 1, 2007; 14(1): 90 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Jones, L. J. Glickstein, N. Damle, V. K. Sikand, G. McHugh, and A. C. Steere Borrelia burgdorferi Genetic Markers and Disseminated Disease in Patients with Early Lyme Disease J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2006; 44(12): 4407 - 4413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Terekhova, R. Iyer, G. P. Wormser, and I. Schwartz Comparative Genome Hybridization Reveals Substantial Variation among Clinical Isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto with Different Pathogenic Properties. J. Bacteriol., September 1, 2006; 188(17): 6124 - 6134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Anderson and D. E. Norris Genetic Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto in Peromyscus leucopus, the Primary Reservoir of Lyme Disease in a Region of Endemicity in Southern Maryland Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 1, 2006; 72(8): 5331 - 5341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Skamel, M. Ploss, B. Bottcher, T. Stehle, R. Wallich, M. M. Simon, and M. Nassal Hepatitis B Virus Capsid-like Particles Can Display the Complete, Dimeric Outer Surface Protein C and Stimulate Production of Protective Antibody Responses against Borrelia burgdorferi Infection J. Biol. Chem., June 23, 2006; 281(25): 17474 - 17481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Richter, D. Postic, N. Sertour, I. Livey, F.-R. Matuschka, and G. Baranton Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species by multilocus sequence analysis and confirmation of the delineation of Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, April 1, 2006; 56(Pt 4): 873 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. BRISSON and D. E. DYKHUIZEN A MODEST MODEL EXPLAINS THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI STRAINS Am J Trop Med Hyg, April 1, 2006; 74(4): 615 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. F. Porcella, S. J. Raffel, D. E. Anderson Jr., S. D. Gilk, J. L. Bono, M. E. Schrumpf, and T. G. Schwan Variable Tick Protein in Two Genomic Groups of the Relapsing Fever Spirochete Borrelia hermsii in Western North America Infect. Immun., October 1, 2005; 73(10): 6647 - 6658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. G. Schwan, S. J. Raffel, M. E. Schrumpf, P. F. Policastro, J. A. Rawlings, R. S. Lane, E. B. Breitschwerdt, and S. F. Porcella Phylogenetic Analysis of the Spirochetes Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae and the Potential for Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Florida J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2005; 43(8): 3851 - 3859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. I. Tsao, J. T. Wootton, J. Bunikis, M. G. Luna, D. Fish, and A. G. Barbour An ecological approach to preventing human infection: Vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle PNAS, December 28, 2004; 101(52): 18159 - 18164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Glockner, R. Lehmann, A. Romualdi, S. Pradella, U. Schulte-Spechtel, M. Schilhabel, B. Wilske, J. Suhnel, and M. Platzer Comparative analysis of the Borrelia garinii genome Nucleic Acids Res., November 16, 2004; 32(20): 6038 - 6046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
