| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Génétique Microbienne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas CEDEX, France
Correspondence
Alexander Bolotin
bolotine{at}jouy.inra.fr
Numerous prokaryote genomes contain structures known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), composed of 25–50 bp repeats separated by unique sequence spacers of similar length. CRISPR structures are found in the vicinity of four genes named cas1 to cas4. In silico analysis revealed another cluster of three genes associated with CRISPR structures in many bacterial species, named here as cas1B, cas5 and cas6, and also revealed a certain number of spacers that have homology with extant genes, most frequently derived from phages, but also derived from other extrachromosomal elements. Sequence analysis of CRISPR structures from 24 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Streptococcus vestibularis confirmed the homology of spacers with extrachromosomal elements. Phage sensitivity of S. thermophilus strains appears to be correlated with the number of spacers in the CRISPR locus the strain carries. The authors suggest that the spacer elements are the traces of past invasions by extrachromosomal elements, and hypothesize that they provide the cell immunity against phage infection, and more generally foreign DNA expression, by coding an anti-sense RNA. The presence of gene fragments in CRISPR structures and the nuclease motifs in cas genes of both cluster types suggests that CRISPR formation involves a DNA degradation step.
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are DQ072985–DQ073008.
Two tables showing the homology of the spacers with database sequences are available as supplementary material with the online version of this paper.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. R. van der Ploeg Analysis of CRISPR in Streptococcus mutans suggests frequent occurrence of acquired immunity against infection by M102-like bacteriophages Microbiology, June 1, 2009; 155(6): 1966 - 1976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. M. Mojica, C. Diez-Villasenor, J. Garcia-Martinez, and C. Almendros Short motif sequences determine the targets of the prokaryotic CRISPR defence system Microbiology, March 1, 2009; 155(3): 733 - 740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Carte, R. Wang, H. Li, R. M. Terns, and M. P. Terns Cas6 is an endoribonuclease that generates guide RNAs for invader defense in prokaryotes Genes & Dev., December 15, 2008; 22(24): 3489 - 3496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. M. McShan, J. J. Ferretti, T. Karasawa, A. N. Suvorov, S. Lin, B. Qin, H. Jia, S. Kenton, F. Najar, H. Wu, et al. Genome Sequence of a Nephritogenic and Highly Transformable M49 Strain of Streptococcus pyogenes J. Bacteriol., December 1, 2008; 190(23): 7773 - 7785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Hale, K. Kleppe, R. M. Terns, and M. P. Terns Prokaryotic silencing (psi)RNAs in Pyrococcus furiosus RNA, December 1, 2008; 14(12): 2572 - 2579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. J. Brouns, M. M. Jore, M. Lundgren, E. R. Westra, R. J. H. Slijkhuis, A. P. L. Snijders, M. J. Dickman, K. S. Makarova, E. V. Koonin, and J. van der Oost Small CRISPR RNAs Guide Antiviral Defense in Prokaryotes Science, August 15, 2008; 321(5891): 960 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Beloglazova, G. Brown, M. D. Zimmerman, M. Proudfoot, K. S. Makarova, M. Kudritska, S. Kochinyan, S. Wang, M. Chruszcz, W. Minor, et al. A Novel Family of Sequence-specific Endoribonucleases Associated with the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats J. Biol. Chem., July 18, 2008; 283(29): 20361 - 20371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. F. Andersson and J. F. Banfield Virus Population Dynamics and Acquired Virus Resistance in Natural Microbial Communities Science, May 23, 2008; 320(5879): 1047 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Pelletier, A. Kreimeyer, S. Bocs, Z. Rouy, G. Gyapay, R. Chouari, D. Riviere, A. Ganesan, P. Daegelen, A. Sghir, et al. "Candidatus Cloacamonas Acidaminovorans": Genome Sequence Reconstruction Provides a First Glimpse of a New Bacterial Division J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2008; 190(7): 2572 - 2579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Deveau, R. Barrangou, J. E. Garneau, J. Labonte, C. Fremaux, P. Boyaval, D. A. Romero, P. Horvath, and S. Moineau Phage Response to CRISPR-Encoded Resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus J. Bacteriol., February 15, 2008; 190(4): 1390 - 1400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Horvath, D. A. Romero, A.-C. Coute-Monvoisin, M. Richards, H. Deveau, S. Moineau, P. Boyaval, C. Fremaux, and R. Barrangou Diversity, Activity, and Evolution of CRISPR Loci in Streptococcus thermophilus J. Bacteriol., February 15, 2008; 190(4): 1401 - 1412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Diancourt, V. Passet, C. Chervaux, P. Garault, T. Smokvina, and S. Brisse Multilocus Sequence Typing of Lactobacillus casei Reveals a Clonal Population Structure with Low Levels of Homologous Recombination Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 15, 2007; 73(20): 6601 - 6611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Grissa, G. Vergnaud, and C. Pourcel CRISPRFinder: a web tool to identify clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats Nucleic Acids Res., July 13, 2007; 35(suppl_2): W52 - W57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Barrangou, C. Fremaux, H. Deveau, M. Richards, P. Boyaval, S. Moineau, D. A. Romero, and P. Horvath CRISPR Provides Acquired Resistance Against Viruses in Prokaryotes Science, March 23, 2007; 315(5819): 1709 - 1712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Makarova and E. V. Koonin Evolutionary Genomics of Lactic Acid Bacteria J. Bacteriol., February 15, 2007; 189(4): 1199 - 1208. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Erauso, K. M. Stedman, H. J. G. van de Werken, W. Zillig, and J. van der Oost Two novel conjugative plasmids from a single strain of Sulfolobus Microbiology, July 1, 2006; 152(7): 1951 - 1968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. van de Guchte, S. Penaud, C. Grimaldi, V. Barbe, K. Bryson, P. Nicolas, C. Robert, S. Oztas, S. Mangenot, A. Couloux, et al. The complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reveals extensive and ongoing reductive evolution PNAS, June 13, 2006; 103(24): 9274 - 9279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. DeBoy, E. F. Mongodin, J. B. Emerson, and K. E. Nelson Chromosome Evolution in the Thermotogales: Large-Scale Inversions and Strain Diversification of CRISPR Sequences. J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2006; 188(7): 2364 - 2374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
