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Microbiology 153 (2007), 935-946; DOI  10.1099/mic.0.29288-0
© 2007 Society for General Microbiology

Adapted tolerance to benzalkonium chloride in Escherichia coli K-12 studied by transcriptome and proteome analyses

Erlend Bore1,2, Michel Hébraud3,4, Ingrid Chafsey3, Christophe Chambon4, Camilla Skjæret1,2, Birgitte Moen1,2, Trond Møretrø1, Øyvind Langsrud1, Knut Rudi1 and Solveig Langsrud1

1 Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
2 The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
3 UR454 Microbiologie-Equipe QuaSA, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
4 Plate-forme Protéomique, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France

Correspondence
Solveig Langsrud
solveig.langsrud{at}matforsk.no

Benzalkonium chloride (BC) is a commonly used disinfectant and preservative. This study describes changes in expression level at the transcriptomic and proteomic level for Escherichia coli K-12 gradually adapted to a tolerance level to BC of 7–8 times the initial MIC. Results from DNA arrays and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for global gene and protein expression studies were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF MS was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Changes in expression level in adapted cells were shown for porins, drug transporters, glycolytic enzymes, ribosomal subunits and several genes and proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress and antibiotics. Adapted strains showed increased tolerance to several antibiotics. In conclusion, E. coli K-12 adapted to higher tolerance to BC acquired several general resistance mechanisms, including responses normally related to the multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulon and protection against oxidative stress. The results revealed that BC treatment might result in superoxide stress in E. coli.

Abbreviations: 2-DE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; BC, benzalkonium chloride; Omp, outer-membrane protein; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; QAC, quaternary ammonium compound; RTQ-PCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction

The array data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE6712.

A supplementary data file is available with the online version of this paper.




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