HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Supplementary data Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Bore, E. Articles by Langsrud, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Bore, E. Articles by Langsrud, S. Agricola Articles by Bore, E. Articles by Langsrud, S.

Adapted tolerance to benzalkonium chloride in Escherichia coli K-12 studied by transcriptome and proteome analyses

¹ Matforsk, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
² The Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
³ UR454 Microbiologie-Equipe QuaSA, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
⁴ Plate-forme Protéomique, INRA site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France

Correspondence
Solveig Langsrud
solveig.langsrud{at}matforsk.no

Benzalkonium chloride (BC) is a commonly used disinfectant and preservative. This study describes changes in expression level at the transcriptomic and proteomic level for Escherichia coli K-12 gradually adapted to a tolerance level to BC of 7–8 times the initial MIC. Results from DNA arrays and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for global gene and protein expression studies were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF MS was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Changes in expression level in adapted cells were shown for porins, drug transporters, glycolytic enzymes, ribosomal subunits and several genes and proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress and antibiotics. Adapted strains showed increased tolerance to several antibiotics. In conclusion, E. coli K-12 adapted to higher tolerance to BC acquired several general resistance mechanisms, including responses normally related to the multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulon and protection against oxidative stress. The results revealed that BC treatment might result in superoxide stress in E. coli.

The array data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE6712.

A supplementary data file is available with the online version of this paper.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. K. Mangalappalli-Illathu, S. Vidovic, and D. R. Korber Differential Adaptive Response and Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Planktonic and Biofilm Cells Exposed to Benzalkonium Chloride Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2008; 52(10): 3669 - 3680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Klein-Marcuschamer and G. Stephanopoulos Assessing the potential of mutational strategies to elicit new phenotypes in industrial strains PNAS, February 19, 2008; 105(7): 2319 - 2324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]