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Characterization of Streptococcus gordonii prophage PH15: complete genome sequence and functional analysis of phage-encoded integrase and endolysin

Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland

Correspondence
Jan R. van der Ploeg
jan.vanderploeg{at}zzmk.uzh.ch

Streptococcus gordonii OMZ1039, isolated from supragingival dental plaque, was found to harbour a prophage, PH15, whose excision could be induced by mitomycin treatment. Phage PH15 belongs to the Siphoviridae. The complete genome sequence of PH15 was determined. The genome was 39 136 bp in size and contained 61 ORFs. The genome of PH15 was most similar in the structural module to the temperate bacteriophages MM1 and NIH1.1 from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively. In strain OMZ1039, PH15 was found to reside as a prophage in the cysteinyl-tRNA gene. A plasmid, harbouring the attP site and the integrase gene downstream of a constitutive promoter, was capable of site-specific integration into the genomes of different oral streptococcal species. The phage endolysin was purified after expression in Escherichia coli and found to inhibit growth of all S. gordonii strains tested and several different streptococcal species, including the pathogens Streptococcus mutans, S. pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the complete genome sequence of Streptococcus gordonii prophage PH15 is FM163528.

Two supplementary tables, showing the oligonucleotides used in this study and the ORFs encoded by S. gordonii prophage PH15, and three supplementary figures, showing phylogenetic analysis of part of sodA from strains OMZ1038, OMZ1039 and OMZ1081, electron microscopy of phage PH15 adsorption to S. gordonii and S. oralis, and a comparison of PH15 ORFs with proteins encoded by streptococcal phages, are available with the online version of this paper.