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The BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Dept, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
Correspondence
Fergal O'Gara
f.ogara{at}ucc.ie
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the sequence reported in this paper is AJ556796.
Present address: Teagasc – The National Food Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). The iron starvation extracytoplasmic function (ECF) alternative sigma factor, PbrA, was found to be required for full transcription of P. fluorescens M114 pseudobactin biosynthetic (and receptor) genes (Sexton et al., 1995). PbrA was also implicated in the regulation of protease activity as, in addition to being siderophore-negative, a pbrA mutant was protease-negative on skim milk agar (Sexton et al., 1995). However, P. fluorescens M114 pseudobactin biosynthetic mutants, M1 (pbsC–) and FA6 (pbsE–), displayed wild-type levels of proteolytic activity under low iron conditions (Adams et al., 1994; Sexton, 1995), demonstrating that PbrA regulation of protease was not indirect via its regulation of pseudobactin. A consensus sequence for the Fe2+-dependent transcription repressor protein Fur (ferric uptake regulator) was identified in the promoter region of pbrA and pbrA transcription was found to be repressed under high iron conditions (Sexton et al., 1996), suggesting that iron regulation of protease may be mediated via Fur regulation of PbrA. Nevertheless, the identity of the P. fluorescens M114 protease(s) and the molecular basis for PbrA and iron regulation remained to be elucidated.
Previously, numerous Pseudomonas spp. have been shown to produce and secrete serralysin-type metalloproteases (EC 3.4.24.40) (Ahn et al., 1999; Chabeaud et al., 2001; Chessa et al., 2000; Duong et al., 1992; Kawai et al., 1999; Kumeta et al., 1999; Liao & McCallus, 1998; Woods et al., 2001; GenBank accession no. AJ007827). In P. fluorescens B52, Woods et al. (2001) reported that expression of the serralysin-type metalloprotease gene, aprX, was negatively regulated by iron at the transcriptional level. While the authors suggested the possible involvement of a PbrA homologue, they were unable to test this hypothesis, as they failed to isolate a pbrA insertion mutant of this strain. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PvdS (the ECF sigma factor exhibiting greater than 85 % identity to PbrA at the amino acid level) was found to co-ordinately regulate genes involved in the production of pyoverdine (pseudobactin-type) fluorescent siderophore, exotoxin A and the PrpL (Protease IV) serine protease gene, prpL (Vasil & Ochsner, 1999; Wilderman et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002). Additionally, Shigematsu et al. (2001) reported that transcription of the P. aeruginosa alkaline (serralysin-type) protease aprA gene was negatively regulated by iron and AprA levels were reduced in a pvdS mutant. However, while a microarray study confirmed PvdS regulation of genes involved in the production of pyoverdine, exotoxin A and PrpL, aprA was not among the genes found to be PvdS-regulated (Ochsner et al., 2002), although expression was regulated by iron. The possible direct involvement of Fur in the repression of P. aeruginosa aprA transcription has been suggested. However, while in gel shift assays addition of purified P. aeruginosa Fur led to a shift in the aprA band, the intensity of the shifted band was noted to be weak (Shigematsu et al., 2001). Thus, the role of Fur and PvdS in P. aeruginosa aprA regulation remains to be fully elucidated. A consensus sequence termed the iron starvation (IS) box, previously identified in the promoters of iron-regulated genes (Rombel et al., 1995), was shown to be required for PvdS recognition in P. aeruginosa (Wilson et al., 2001).
Interestingly, a pyoverdine-mediated siderophore signalling system was shown to regulate the activity of PvdS and a second ECF sigma factor, FpvI, in P. aeruginosa. Experimental data were consistent with a model whereby these ECF sigma factors associate with a transmembrane anti-sigma factor, FpvR, and are thus rendered inactive. (Ferri-) pyoverdine binding to its outer membrane receptor, FpvA, initiates a signal cascade from FpvA, via FpvR, to PvdS and FpvI, resulting in sigma factor dissociation from FpvR and consequently sigma factor activation. Active FpvI directs the transcription of the (ferri-)pyoverdine receptor gene, fpvA, while active PvdS directs transcription of the pyoverdine biosynthetic genes, genes required for exotoxin A production and prpL (Lamont et al., 2002; Shen et al., 2002; Beare et al., 2003; Rédly & Poole, 2003).
This study was initiated to investigate the role of iron and more specifically PbrA in the regulation of P. fluorescens M114 proteolytic activity. We report that this strain produces a serralysin-type metalloprotease, AprA, which encounters complex transcriptional regulation involving iron and PbrA. Furthermore, an unforeseen observation of PbrA-independent regulation of AprA-mediated M114 proteolytic activity under certain culture conditions was investigated.
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METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. P. fluorescens strains were cultured at 28 °C in sucrose asparagine (SA) medium (Scher & Baker, 1982), in sucrose asparagine tryptone medium (SAT; SA medium supplemented with 0·4 % tryptone and 1 mM CaCl2) or in SAT supplemented with 0·15 % yeast extract (SAT+YE). For low iron conditions, glassware was washed in 6 M HCl and rinsed thoroughly with deionized water. For high iron conditions, the medium was supplemented with 100 µM FeCl3. Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium at 37 °C. Antibiotics were added, when required, at the following concentrations: tetracycline, 25 µg ml–1 for E. coli and 70 µg ml–1 for P. fluorescens; chloramphenicol, 30 µg ml–1 for E. coli and 300 µg ml–1 for P. fluorescens; kanamycin, 50 µg ml–1 for E. coli and 25 µg ml–1 for P. fluorescens; spectinomycin, 50 µg ml–1 for P. fluorescens; and ampicillin, 50 µg ml–1 for E. coli.
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To assess the ability of various strains to induce proteolytic activity in strains with a protease-negative phenotype, test strains were cross-streaked horizontally and close to vertically streaked protease-negative strains. Alternatively, cell-free supernatant from the test strains grown in SA medium was added to wells cut into SM, with protease-negative strains streaked in close proximity. Following 72 h incubation at 28 °C, the protease phenotype of the initially protease-negative strains was assessed.
Extracellular proteolytic activity in cell-free supernatant (cultures grown in SAT or SAT+YE broth) was quantitatively assessed using the azocasein assay, as previously described (Sarath et al., 1989) with some modifications. Briefly, 2 % azocasein in 50 mM Tris/HCl buffer, pH 8, was used as a substrate and supernatant was incubated with substrate at 28 °C for 18 h. OD440 readings correlating with extracellular proteolytic activity were divided by OD600 readings to correct for cell density differences. A Beckman DU 640 spectrophotometer was used for all OD measurements. One unit was defined as that amount of enzyme required to produce a change of 0·01 in OD440/OD600.
Purification of pseudobactin M114.
Pseudobactin M114 was purified from P. fluorescens M114 cell-free supernatant (culture grown in Casamino acids medium for 24 h) using C18 chromatography as described by Baysse et al. (2002). The concentration of pseudobactin was estimated spectrophotometrically at 400 nm using the extinction coefficient, 
400, of 2x104 M–1 cm–1 (Meyer & Abdallah, 1978).
DNA manipulations.
Restriction enzyme digests, ligation of DNA fragments, transformation of E. coli and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed as described by Sambrook et al. (1989). Plasmid DNA was isolated using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen). Chromosomal DNA was isolated by the method of Chen & Kuo (1993). DNA fragments were purified from agarose gels using the Qiaquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen). Plasmids were conjugated into Pseudomonas via triparental mating using the helper plasmid pRK2013 (Figurski & Helinski, 1979). Southern analysis was performed using standard procedures (Sambrook et al., 1989). Probe labelling, hybridization and detection were performed using the Enhanced Chemiluminescence ECL system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). PCR was routinely performed with Master Mix (Qiagen) and 20–50 pmol of each primer. Isolated genomic DNA (60 ng) or bacterial colonies, preheated at 94 °C for 10 min, provided template DNA. Primers used in this study were commercially synthesized by Sigma-Genosys and are listed in Table 1
. PCR products were purified where necessary using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen).
Cloning of the metalloprotease gene, aprA, from P. fluorescens M114.
The nucleotide sequence of serralysin-type metalloprotease genes from various strains of Pseudomonas were aligned. Two different pairs of protease primers were designed based on conserved regions: set 1, ALKPRTF and ALKPRTR; set 2, APRT2F and APRT2R (Table 1). The primer sets were designed such that they would result in the amplification of overlapping sequences. PCR reaction mixes were supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a final concentration of 0·13 mg ml–1. PCR amplification was performed with a P. fluorescens M114 colony under the following conditions for both sets of primers: 94 °C for 10 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 5 min for 1 cycle. PCR amplification resulted in products of 547 and 550 bp with primer sets 1 and 2, respectively. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the two PCR products overlapped, giving a 973 bp sequence.
Cloning the aprA promoter.
The promoter region of aprA was cloned using an inverse PCR approach (Fig. 1). Sequence analysis of aprA revealed a unique XhoII site 530 bp downstream of the putative start codon of aprA. Genomic DNA from M114 was digested with XhoII and run on a 1 % TAE agarose gel. Southern blot analysis, using the primer set 1 amplified 547 bp aprA PCR product as probe, was performed to identify a XhoII fragment containing part of the known aprA sequence plus the unknown upstream sequence. Size-matched fragments were gel-extracted from a second M114 XhoII digest and ligated with T4 DNA ligase in a dilute final volume of 500 µl to promote intramolecular ligations. Following heat inactivation of the ligase enzyme, ligated DNA was ethanol-precipitated and resuspended in PCR mix. PCR amplification with divergent primers MAPOUT1R and MAPOUT1F (Table 1), located within the aprA sequence upstream of the XhoII site, was performed under the following conditions: 94 °C for 2 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 52·3 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 4 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 5 min for 1 cycle. The resulting 433 bp inverse PCR product was gel-extracted and sequenced.
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). Initially, inverse PCR amplification using divergent primers ENDR and ENDF (Table 1), located within the aprA sequence downstream of the unique XhoII site, was performed using ligated XhoII-digested M114 DNA under the following conditions: 94 °C for 2 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 4 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 5 min for 1 cycle. The resulting 476 bp inverse PCR product was gel-extracted and sequenced. The remainder of the aprA sequence and the sequences of downstream genes were obtained by inverse PCR amplification with ligated PstI-digested M114 DNA using divergent primers ENDR and 2ENDF, located within the aprA sequence downstream of the unique PstI site, under the following conditions: 94 °C for 2 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 52 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 4 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 5 min for 1 cycle. The resulting 3388 bp inverse PCR product was gel-extracted and sequenced.
Nucleotide sequencing and sequence analysis.
For nucleotide sequencing, PCR products were routinely cloned in the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen). The nucleotide sequence was determined using M13 forward and reverse primers on an Applied Biosystems PRISM 310 Automated Genetic Analyser. The complete sequence of the 3388 bp inverse PCR product was obtained by primer walking using the primers PSTF, PSTR, 2PSTF, 2PSTR and 3PSTF (Table 1). The sequence data were assembled using the DNASTAR software package. The GenBank database was searched using the National Centre for Biotechnology Information with BLAST algorithms (Altschul et al., 1997). The P. fluorescens Pf0-1 genome sequencing project (Joint Genome Institute Microbial Sequencing Program; www.jgi.doe.gov) was also used for BLAST searches. DNASTAR software was employed for multiple sequence alignments.
Construction of aprA knockout mutant.
An aprA knockout mutant, FA15, was constructed by a single crossover of the suicide vector pK18mob containing an internal aprA fragment. A 550 bp internal aprA fragment, amplified with primers APRT2F and APRT2R, was cloned, via pCR2.1-TOPO, into the multicloning site of the kanamycin-resistant vector pK18mob, resulting in pCUB20. pCUB20 was transformed into E. coli DH5
and subsequently conjugated into P. fluorescens M114. Kanamycin-resistant transconjugants, resulting from a single crossover event, were screened on SM. Disruption of aprA was confirmed by PCR with the aprA-specific primer, KNOF, and M13 forward primer (M13 sites flank the pK18mob multicloning site) under the following conditions: 94 °C for 10 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1·5 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 5 min for 1 cycle. A PCR product of about 1·2 kb was obtained with FA15 due to aprA disruption, while as expected no PCR product was obtained with M114.
Construction of pbrA aprA double knockout mutant.
To construct FA16, a pbrA aprA double knockout mutant, pCUB20, was conjugated from DH5 into FA10, the spectinomycin-resistant pbrA mutant. Spectinomycin- and kanamycin-resistant transconjugants, resulting from a single crossover event, were screened on SMYE. Disruption of aprA in FA16 was also confirmed by PCR as described for FA15.
Complementation of aprA mutants.
To complement the aprA mutants, the entire aprA gene and upstream promoter (405 bp upstream of the putative translational start site) was PCR-amplified from M114 genomic DNA (600 ng) using the Expand High Fidelity PCR System (Roche) with primers MP1F and 2BMR (Table 1) under the following cycle extension conditions: 94 °C for 2 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 59 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 2 min for 10 cycles; 94 °C for 1 min, 59 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 2 min+5 s per cycle for 20 cycles; 72 °C for 7 min for 1 cycle. The resulting 1·98 kb PCR product was gel-extracted and cloned, via pCR2.1-TOPO, into the multicloning site of pBBR1MCS, downstream of and in the same orientation as the pBBR1MCS lac promoter, resulting in pCUB23. pCUB23 was transformed into DH5 and subsequently conjugated into P. fluorescens FA15 and FA16. The proteolytic activity of the resulting transconjugants was assessed on SM and SMYE under low and high iron conditions.
Construction of aprA–lacZ transcriptional fusions.
Three aprA transcriptional fusions of different lengths were constructed in the reporter plasmid pMP220 via initial cloning of PCR-amplified aprA promoter fragments in the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen). The promoter fragments were cut out of correctly oriented TOPO clones using the Asp718 and XbaI sites flanking the PCR insert site on pCR2.1-TOPO and cloned directly into the multicloning site of pMP220, upstream of the promoterless lacZ gene. pCUB15, containing a 502 bp fragment, including 405 bp upstream of the aprA putative translational start site, was amplified from M114 genomic DNA using the primers MP1F and MPR under the following conditions: 94 °C for 2 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 51·4 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 4 min for 1 cycle. pCUB16, containing a 442 bp PCR product, including 345 bp upstream of the aprA putative translational start site, was amplified using the primers MP2F and MPR under the following conditions: 94 °C for 2 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 56 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 4 min for 1 cycle. pCUB17 contained a 316 bp PCR product, including 219 bp upstream of the aprA putative translational start site, and was amplified using the primers KNOF and MPR under the following conditions: 94 °C for 2 min for 1 cycle; 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min for 30 cycles; 72 °C for 4 min for 1 cycle.
-Galactosidase assays.
-Galactosidase activity was measured as described by Miller (1972). All assays were done in at least triplicate. Miller units were corrected for background values obtained with the lacZ fusion vector pMP220 without insert.
Primer extension.
Total RNA was isolated from 7x109 cells of M114(pCUB17), grown in SAT under low and high iron conditions for 16 h, using the RNeasy total RNA kit (Qiagen). Following DNase treatment, phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation, RNA quantity and quality were assessed using A260/280. RNA integrity was also checked on a 1 % TBE agarose gel. Primer extension was performed as described by Pujic et al. (1998) with some modifications: 100 pmol primer MPR, which annealed to the sequence between 74 and 97 nt downstream of the putative ATG translational start site, was labelled with 
-33P using T4 polynucleotide kinase. RNA and labelled primer were hybridized at 65 °C for 10 min followed by incubation at 50 °C for 1·5 h. Reverse transcription was performed with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase at 42 °C for 1·5 h. The T7 sequencing kit (USB) was employed for reference sequence reactions using primer MPR with pCUB23, containing M114 aprA as template.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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; Chabeaud et al., 2001; Chessa et al., 2000; Duong et al., 1992; Kawai et al., 1999; Kumeta et al., 1999; Liao & McCallus, 1998; Woods et al., 2001; GenBank accession no. AJ007827). Addition of the metalloprotease inhibitor EDTA to M114 supernatant led to a significant reduction in M114 proteolytic activity (data not shown), strongly suggesting that M114 also produced and secreted a metalloprotease. An internal fragment of a metalloprotease gene was cloned from M114 using primers with sequence homology to conserved regions of metalloprotease genes from different strains of Pseudomonas spp. Inverse PCR was used to obtain the remainder of the aprA coding sequence, promoter and downstream genes. Sequence alignment revealed that the M114 metalloprotease gene, designated aprA, displayed the highest percentage identity (90 % at the DNA level; 93 % at the deduced amino acid level) to P. fluorescens Pf0-1 aprA (P. fluorescens Pf0-1 genome sequencing project; www.jgi.doe.gov), with greater than 75 % identity at the amino acid level to serralysin-type metalloproteases of other P. fluorescens strains, Pseudomonas tolaasii and Pseudomonas brassicacearum and 54 % identity to AprA from P. aeruginosa.
Genes encoding a putative serralysin inhibitor, designated aprI, a putative ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein, designated aprD, and part of a putative membrane fusion protein, designated aprE, were identified downstream of aprA. Thus, M114 aprA formed part of a gene cluster conserved in Pseudomonas spp. (Ahn et al., 1999; Chabeaud et al., 2001; Kawai et al., 1999; Liao & McCallus, 1998).
Altered response of P. fluorescens M114 proteolytic activity to environmental iron levels on SMYE
Previously it has been shown that P. fluorescens M114 proteolytic activity, as measured by a zone of clearing on SM, is reduced when the medium is supplemented with iron (100 µM ferric chloride) (Adams et al., 1994; Sexton et al., 1995). Interestingly, in this study we demonstrated that, when grown on SMYE, M114 exhibited an altered response to iron levels whereby the addition of a range of FeCl3 concentrations (10, 30, 70, 100 µM) did not significantly reduce proteolytic activity (Table 2; Fig. 2a and b). In contrast, 10 µM FeCl3 was sufficient to reduce M114 proteolytic activity on SM without yeast extract (Table 2).
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), was also protease-negative when grown on SMYE without added iron (Table 2; Fig. 2c). However, on SMYE supplemented with 100 µM FeCl3, FA10 exhibited a low but significant level of PbrA-independent proteolytic activity (Table 2; Fig. 2d). In fact, 30 µM FeCl3 was sufficient to induce PbrA-independent proteolytic activity in FA10 on SMYE and the level of activity increased with increasing iron concentrations (Table 2). Thus, under certain growth conditions, M114 was capable of producing PbrA-independent, but iron-dependent, protease activity.
Siderophore induction of PbrA-independent protease activity
On further investigating PbrA-independent protease activity, it was noted that streaking the pbrA mutant, FA10, in close proximity to wild-type M114 on low iron SMYE conferred on FA10 the ability to produce low level protease activity (Table 2; Fig. 2e). This was demonstrated as a zone of clearing around the FA10 streak in closest proximity to the wild-type streak. Interestingly, this effect was not seen on SM without yeast extract.
Subsequently, when the ability of P. fluorescens M114 cell-free supernatant to induce protease activity in FA10 was assessed, it was noted that only supernatant from M114 grown under low iron conditions was capable of doing so. This suggested that under certain growth conditions, wild-type P. fluorescens M114 produced an iron-regulated signal molecule capable of inducing PbrA-independent protease activity in FA10. Interestingly, two different pseudobactin M114 biosynthetic mutants, M1 and FA6, failed to restore protease activity, suggesting that pseudobactin M114 siderophore itself was acting as a signal molecule. This hypothesis was confirmed when protease activity was observed in FA10 when grown on SMYE supplemented with purified pseudobactin M114 (Fig. 2f).
The ability of various wild-type fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. (Pseudomonas x330, x338, x522, x531, x159, Pseudomonas putida WCS358, P. fluorescens F113, P. fluorescens CHA0, Pseudomonas sp. B10 and P. fluorescens MT3A) to induce protease production in FA10 was also assessed and only Pseudomonas sp. B10 could do so. Pseudobactin B10 is structurally identical to pseudobactin M114 (Ruangviriyachai, 1991) and P. fluorescens M114 has been shown to take up pseudobactin B10 through PbuA, the pseudobactin M114 outer-membrane receptor (Morris et al., 1992). Thus, siderophore induction of protease in FA10 was only observed with pseudobactin M114 type siderophores.
PbrA-dependent and -independent proteolytic activity in P. fluorescens M114 was mediated by AprA
To determine if aprA was responsible for the casein protease activity detected on SM and on SMYE, an aprA knockout mutant, termed FA15, was constructed. FA15 exhibited a protease-negative phenotype under all growth conditions tested and cross-streaking with M114 wild-type failed to induce protease activity in the mutant (Table 2). Complementation of the mutant with the entire aprA gene cloned in pCUB23 restored full protease activity on SM.
A pbrA aprA double mutant, termed FA16, was also constructed and, in contrast to FA10, this double mutant was protease-negative on SMYE under high iron conditions (Table 2) and pseudobactin M114 could not induce proteolytic activity on SMYE under low iron conditions (Table 2). Complementation with the intact aprA gene cloned in pCUB23 restored proteolytic activity under these conditions (Table 2). Thus, the PbrA-independent proteolytic activity seen in FA10 on SMYE under high iron conditions or when supplied with M114 siderophore under low iron conditions was demonstrated to be mediated by AprA. Interestingly, when FA15 was complemented with pCUB23, constitutive proteolytic activity was observed, consistent with aprA expression being driven by the lacZ promoter situated upstream of its own promoter in pCUB23. However, in the FA16 background constitutive proteolytic activity from pCUB23 was not observed. It appears that in the absence of pbrA, the lacZ promoter in pCUB23 was not active under low iron conditions.
Role of iron and PbrA in aprA transcriptional regulation
To investigate the transcriptional regulation of M114 aprA, an aprA–lacZ transcriptional fusion (pCUB15) was constructed (Fig. 3a, b) and the role of iron and PbrA in aprA expression was studied. Initially, however, it was necessary to identify a low iron broth medium that would induce M114 proteolytic activity. When grown in SAT (for 16 h), M114 proteolytic activity, as measured using the azocasein assay, was in agreement with results obtained with the SM assay whereby in low iron, proteolytic activity was induced and the addition of 100 µM FeCl3 significantly reduced this activity (low iron, 11·63±0·44 units; high iron, 1·27±0·4 units). However, in contrast to the protease-negative phenotype of the pbrA mutant, FA10, on SM, low levels of PbrA-independent proteolytic activity were detected when the mutant was grown in SAT minus added iron (low iron, 2·2±0·65 units; high iron, 0·5±0·6 units). Differences in the sensitivities of the two proteolytic assays may account for this discrepancy. Analysis of aprA transcription from pCUB15 in wild-type M114 in SAT confirmed that the addition of extracellular iron repressed aprA expression at the transcriptional level (Fig. 4a, b). In addition, aprA transcription was significantly reduced in the pbrA mutant, FA10, compared to wild-type, under low iron conditions, demonstrating that PbrA was required for full aprA transcription in SAT (Fig. 4c).
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). Proteolytic activity and aprA–lacZ expression were quantified using the azocasein assay and the Miller assay, respectively. While both M114 proteolytic activity and aprA expression were reduced when grown in SAT+YE compared to SAT, iron regulation of both was still observed in SAT+YE supplemented with 100 µM FeCl3.
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). Two overlapping sequences bearing significant homology (79 and 73 % identity, respectively) to the Fur box consensus sequence [NAT(A/T)ATNAT(A/T)ATNAT(A/T)ATN; Escolar et al., 1999] were identified, positioned from –250 bp to –232 bp and from –257 bp to –239 bp relative to the putative aprA translational start codon. A sequence, TTAAT-N15-CGT, bearing significant homology to the P. aeruginosa PvdS-dependent IS consensus (TAAAT-N16-CGT; Visca et al., 2002) was found overlapping the Fur boxes. Furthermore, this region also contained a second sequence, TAAAT-N16-ATT, identical to part of the IS consensus. Interestingly, a sequence bearing limited homology (58 % identity) to the previously suggested PbrA-dependent PAD consensus sequence (GAACTGANNNCT; Sexton et al., 1996) was identified between –110 bp and –122 bp relative to the putative start codon.
To investigate the role of these putative consensus sequences, truncated aprA–lacZ transcriptional fusions, pCUB16 and pCUB17, were constructed (Fig. 3a, b) and their activity assessed in wild-type and mutant backgrounds in SAT (Fig. 4). pCUB16 contained 345 bp upstream of the putative aprA start codon, including the putative Fur and IS box(es). In pCUB17, the upstream sequence, including the putative Fur/IS box(es) region, was deleted, leaving 219 bp upstream of the putative start codon. The expression of pCUB16 and pCUB17 was assessed in the M114 wild-type background and compared with the expression from the full-length fusion, pCUB15. Similarly to pCUB15, under high iron conditions, the expression from pCUB16 was significantly reduced. In contrast, however, the addition of iron did not repress expression from pCUB17 (Fig. 4b). This abolition of iron regulation seen with pCUB17 was consistent with the deletion of Fur box(es), suggesting that Fur may directly regulate aprA. Interestingly, under low iron conditions, expression from the two truncated fusions was significantly higher than that from the full-length fusion (Fig. 4a), suggesting that the truncated fusions lacked some type of negative regulatory site occurring between –405 bp and –345 bp relative to the putative start codon (Fig. 3a).
To further investigate the mechanism and extent of PbrA regulation of aprA transcription, expression from pCUB16 and pCUB17 was compared with pCUB15 expression in the pbrA mutant background, FA10. Under low iron conditions, expression from both truncated fusions was reduced to levels comparable with pCUB15 expression in FA10 (Fig. 4c). Thus, the region required for PbrA-mediated activation of aprA transcription lies within –219 bp upstream of the putative start codon, suggesting that the putative IS sequences, identified further upstream, are not required for PbrA-dependent transcription. Under high iron conditions, expression from the three promoter fusions was not comparable (Fig. 4d); expression from pCUB17 was significantly higher, indicating a significant level of iron-dependent, PbrA-independent expression from this truncated fusion.
In light of the pseudobactin induction of PbrA-independent proteolytic activity in FA10 on SMYE, the effect of added purified pseudobactin on the expression from the three aprA–lacZ fusions was assessed in the FA10 background under low iron conditions (Fig. 4e). Purified pseudobactin failed to stimulate expression from pCUB15 and pCUB16, but, interestingly, induced high levels of PbrA-independent expression from pCUB17.
To further investigate this phenomenon, expression of the lacZ gene in pCUB15 and pCUB17 was assessed in the siderophore biosynthetic mutants, M1 and FA6 (Fig. 5). Expression from the full-length fusion, pCUB15, in M1 and FA6 was comparable with expression in wild-type M114. Interestingly, pCUB17 expression in the siderophore mutants was as high or even higher than expression in wild-type M114. Therefore, the reduced pCUB15 and pCUB17 expression observed in FA10 under low iron conditions was not an indirect effect due to the lack of pseudobactin and supports the evidence that PbrA was required for this expression. Also, PbrA-independent expression from pCUB17 under high iron conditions was iron-dependent, but not dependent on the availability of siderophore.
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) and mapped 91 bp upstream of the putative translational start site. This is at the same position as the P. fluorescens B52 and the P. fluorescens LS107d2 metalloprotease gene transcriptional start sites (Burger et al., 2000; Woods et al., 2001). It is noteworthy that the primer extension product obtained under low iron conditions was weaker than that observed under high iron conditions. Although transcription from aprA–lacZ in pCUB17 under these two conditions was shown to be PbrA-dependent and -independent, respectively, no other primer extension products were observed under either condition.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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; Ahn et al., 1999; Kawai et al., 1999; Kumeta et al., 1999; Chessa et al., 2000; Chabeaud et al., 2001; Woods et al., 2001; GenBank accession no. AJ007827). In common with other serralysin-type metalloproteases, M114 AprA is most probably secreted by a Type I secretion system involving AprD, AprE and an as yet uncharacterized outer-membrane protein, AprF. Characterization and complementation of an aprA mutant phenotype suggested that AprA is the major, if not only, extracellular protease produced by M114. Previously, both iron and the iron starvation ECF alternative sigma factor, PbrA, were implicated in the regulation of M114 protease activity (Sexton et al., 1995), but the identity of the M114 protease and the molecular mechanism involved in its regulation by iron and PbrA remained to be elucidated. The present study revealed that aprA is negatively regulated by iron at the transcriptional level and that PbrA is required for full transcription under low iron conditions. Two putative binding sites for the Fur repressor protein (Fur boxes) with overlapping putative IS sequences (the P. aeruginosa recognition site for PvdS activation) were identified in the aprA promoter, in a region centred at –148 bp relative to the subsequently identified transcriptional start site. Both Fur and IS consensus sequences are usually located closer to the transcriptional start sites of target genes, typically around the –10, –35 bp region. It is difficult, therefore, to rationalize how Fur could directly influence aprA transcription. Nevertheless, the abolition of iron regulation in the truncated fusion (pCUB17) lacking these sequences suggested that high iron repression of M114 aprA transcription may be mediated directly by Fur. It is noteworthy that the possible involvement of Fur in P. aeruginosa aprA regulation was suggested by Shigematsu et al. (2001). In gel shift assays, addition of purified P. aeruginosa Fur led to a shift in the aprA band; however, the intensity of the shifted band was weak. The pbrA promoter also contains Fur consensus sequences and is itself transcriptionally iron-regulated. Thus, iron repression of aprA transcription may be additionally mediated indirectly via PbrA. The involvement of Fur in both P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens M114 aprA regulation thus warrants further investigation.
In P. aeruginosa, while aprA transcription was previously shown to be iron-regulated (Shigematsu et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2002) and AprA levels were reported to be reduced in a pvdS– mutant (Shigematsu et al., 2001), pvdS was not found to be required for aprA transcription (Ochsner et al., 2002). In the present study it is demonstrated that PbrA is required for full P. fluorescens M114 aprA transcription under low iron conditions. However, it is clear that the putative IS consensus sequences are not required for this regulation, as PbrA-mediated regulation of aprA expression was still observed from the pCUB17 truncated fusion (Fig. 4). In fact, considering the observed PbrA-dependent expression from pCUB17, a potential PbrA essential sequence would have to be positioned within 128 bp of the aprA transcriptional start site. A sequence (CGGCAGATTTCA) bearing some homology (58 % identity) to a previously suggested PbrA recognition ‘PAD’ consensus sequence (GAACTGANNNCT; Sexton et al., 1996) was identified in the aprA promoter positioned at –19 bp to –30 bp relative to the aprA transcriptional start site. Interestingly, the position of the transcriptional start site supports the hypothesis that this may be the target for PbrA regulation. While further research will be necessary to confirm the PbrA recognition site on the aprA promoter, evidence presented here suggests that, in spite of the strong homology between PbrA and PvdS, they may recognize different target sequences.
Although this study provides evidence that aprA transcription is regulated by PbrA and iron, the interesting phenomenon of PbrA-independent proteolytic activity observed on the semi-quantitative SM plate assays when supplemented with yeast extract (SMYE) plus iron suggested that aprA regulation was more complex than previously believed. This was compounded by the fact that pseudobactin M114 appeared to act as a signal molecule inducing PbrA-independent proteolytic activity in FA10 on SMYE without added iron. These results suggest that under certain growth conditions, the addition of iron or siderophore could induce PbrA-independent protease activity in M114. Yeast extract is a complex nutrient source containing both iron and haem, but the component(s) responsible for mediating this PbrA-independent AprA activity remains to be established. Addition of yeast extract to SAT (SAT+YE) did not lead to the same pattern of proteolytic activity as that seen on SMYE. Therefore, the phenomenon cannot be explained by yeast extract containing an additional source of iron or indeed by the presence of an iron chelator. It is possible that the altered regulation may be a feature of cells growing on solid medium, rather than as planktonic cells, and may warrant further investigation. Interestingly, culture medium effects on pseudomonad gene expression have been reported by others: Yarwood et al. (2005) found that expression of many quorum-sensing-regulated genes in P. aeruginosa is delayed by complex medium components, including yeast extract.
Interestingly, transcription from the truncated fusion, pCUB17, under high iron conditions in SAT was also PbrA-independent. Furthermore, the addition of purified pseudobactin M114 to FA10 resulted in an even greater level of PbrA-independent transcription from pCUB17 than was observed under high iron conditions. Thus, expression from pCUB17 in SAT mirrored AprA proteolytic activity on SMYE. It is tempting to speculate that SMYE may represent or mimic an in vivo situation where the intact aprA promoter functions like the truncated fusion. For example, certain environmental conditions may induce a putative iron-dependent sigma factor to activate aprA expression independently of Fur and PbrA, thus uncoupling protease and siderophore expression.
Given the ability of iron to induce PbrA-independent aprA expression from pCUB17, it is also tempting to speculate that an accumulation of iron released from ferric pseudobactin may be responsible for the observed PbrA-independent aprA expression from pCUB17 when supplied with purified pseudobactin and consistent with a putative second sigma factor activated by iron. However, the fact that pseudobactin induced higher levels of pCUB17 expression in the FA10 background than iron alone suggests that pseudobactin itself may also influence gene expression. It was also interesting that siderophore did not induce expression from the longer lacZ reporter fusions, pCUB15 and pCUB16, suggesting that iron and siderophore induce expression from the second uncharacterized sigma factor only. The possible involvement of a siderophore signalling system in the regulation of genes required for siderophore production and uptake in P. fluorescens M114 was previously suggested whereby the expression of pseudobactin M114 biosynthetic genes and the pseudobactin M114 receptor gene, pbuA, were reduced in siderophore mutant backgrounds, while expression was increased by the addition of purified pseudobactin M114 (Callanan et al., 1996). However, a system similar to the P. aeruginosa pyoverdine siderophore signalling system (Lamont et al., 2002; Shen et al., 2002; Beare et al., 2003; Rédly & Poole, 2003), leading to activation of P. fluorescens M114 PbrA, would not explain this pseudobactin M114 induction of AprA activity in the pbrA mutant, FA10. Nevertheless, the possibility that an as-yet-unidentified sigma factor(s) may be activated by a pseudobactin M114 siderophore cascade remains to be investigated.
Interestingly, primer extension analysis revealed the same aprA transcriptional start site from M114(pCUB17) grown under both low and high iron conditions (Fig. 6) and located at the same position as the P. fluorescens B52 and the P. fluorescens LS107d2 metalloprotease gene transcriptional start sites (Burger et al., 2000; Woods et al., 2001). Although the intensity of the primer extension band under low iron conditions was consistently weaker, this suggests that PbrA and an unidentified sigma factor may recognize the same promoter to initiate PbrA-dependent and -independent transcription, respectively. In E. coli, many promoters recognized by the primary sigma factor, 
70, are also recognized by the stationary-phase sigma factor, 32. This regulon overlap has also been reported for Bacillus subtilis ECF sigma factors X and W, and for Mycobacterium bacterium ECF sigma factors E and H (reviewed by Helmann, 2002).
It is noteworthy that expression analysis of the full (pCUB15) versus truncated (pCUB16 and pCUB17) aprA–lacZ transcriptional fusions also revealed that there is a possible negative regulatory site in the aprA promoter upstream of the putative Fur binding site(s) between –314 bp and –254 bp relative to the transcriptional start site (Fig. 3a). Examination of this region failed to identify any known negative regulator binding sites, but a potential stem–loop structure was present (Fig. 3a). Interestingly, a putative negative regulatory region was also identified in the promoter of the Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (renamed Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum) serralysin-type protease gene, prtW, between –371 and –245 bp relative to the start codon (Marits et al., 2002). Alignment of these two sites from prtW and aprA revealed a homologous region showing 83 % identity over 12 bp [aprA 5' region, –393 (–302) GCCATACATAAA (–291) –382; prtW 5' region, –322 GCCATTAATAAA –311; both numbered relative to translational start sites, with numbering relative to M114 aprA transcriptional start site in parentheses]. Site-directed mutagenesis would be required to determine if these sequences play a role in aprA transcriptional regulation.
In conclusion, proteolytic activity in P. fluorescens M114 has been shown to be mediated by a serralysin-type metalloprotease, AprA, which is subject to complex regulation. PbrA is required for aprA transcription under low iron conditions, resulting in the co-ordinate production of siderophore and protease. Results also suggested a role for Fur in aprA repression under high iron conditions. While iron regulation of serralysin-type metalloprotease transcription was previously reported in P. fluorescens B52 (Woods et al., 2001), this, to our knowledge, is the first time that the iron starvation alternative sigma factor, PbrA, has been shown to be required for full transcription from a serralysin-type metalloprotease gene of a P. fluorescens strain. Furthermore, PbrA-independent, but iron- or siderophore-dependent, AprA proteolytic activity and aprA transcription were observed on SMYE and with a truncated aprA–lacZ fusion, respectively, suggesting the involvement of a possible second sigma factor in aprA transcription. Further research, possibly involving site-directed and random mutagenesis respectively, will be required to confirm the target site for PbrA binding and for identification of the sigma factor(s) involved in PbrA-independent aprA expression induced by iron and siderophore.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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Received 27 July 2005;
revised 10 October 2005;
accepted 11 October 2005.
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